Element consist of one type of atom only, cannot be break down into simpler components 25 main elements essential

al in living organism Most common carbon, C : oxygen, O : hydrogen, H : nitrogen, N Small quantity, trace elements Fe, Ca, Na, Cl, P, S, Mg, K

Sodium (Na) maintain osmotic pressure, helps in sending nerve impulse Magnesium (Mg) protein synthesis Phosphorus (P) formation of bones and teeth, ATP and nucleic acids synthesis Potassium (K) conduction of nerve impulse Calcium (Ca) contraction of muscle cells Iron (Fe) formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells

Organic compounds carbon-contain molecules Eg. Glucose (C6H12O6), protein(CHNO), lipid, nucleic acid Exception CO2, CO, carbonates, carbides Usually macromolecules (large molecules) Usually found in and originate from living organisms Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon Simple and small molecules Eg. Water, H2O

Importance of organic compound: a. Carbohydrate b. Nucleic acids c. Lipid d. Protein e. Water (inorganic compound) 15% of protoplasm consist of lipid, do not dissolved in water, fat, oil, wax, phospholipid, steroid

Carbohydrate is the main energy source in cell, glucose, glycogen (store in animal cell), starch, cellulose (store in plant cell) Polysaccharide supporting structure (i) Cellulose cell wall - support n give shape to plants (ii) Chitin cell wall of fungi, exoskeleton of insects, crabs Ribose 5C sugar, part of DNA and RNA Produce energy

Made up of C, H, O, P, N 2 types : a. DNA located in nucleus b. RNA exist in cytoplasm, particularly in ribosomes, for synthesis of protein Nucleotides nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine), phosphate, 5C sugar 2 DNA strands lie alongside but upside down, join at the bases

Twisting the two DNA strands give the spiral stair-case like double helix DNA molecule DNA carry genetic information RNA reads the information stored in DNA in the production of amino acids and protein

15% of protoplasm consist of protein, basic unit of protein is amino acid Important becoz: a) Give structure and shape to body

i. ii.

Collagen bone, cartilage, tendon Keratin tough, insoluble protein in hairs, nails, horns

b) Form defense system antibodies c) Form enzymes, hormones, haemoglobin, coagulative proteins (thrombin, fibrinogen) d) Energy store

As solvent As transport medium As coolant water absorbs heat from cells, evaporates, cool the cells As insulator can absorb or release lots of heat before any change in temp., helps maintain narrow range of temp. A reactant in chemical reactions in cell Give structure and support