A new force in polymer additives Memphis TN Products

Raw Materials
Canola Coconut Cottonseed Crambe Herring Lard Linseed Menhaden Palm Palm Kernel Palm Stearine Rapeseed (HEAR) Soybean Sunflower Tall Oil Tallow

REASONS FOR MULTIPLE RAW MATERIALS

Different Compositions Primary Product By Products Price Differentials

FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS

C8 C10 C12 C14 C16 C16:1 C17 C18 3 C18:1 6 C18:2 1.5 C18:3 C20:1 & 20:x C22:1 C22 x 24:1 Coconut 7 6 48 19 9 Tallow Palm Rapeseed Herring

3.5 25.5 4 2.5 19.5 41 2.5 0.5

1 43.5

7 12 10 0.5 8.0 13.0 25.5 24.0

4.5 40 11

1.5 15 11 6 10 51 2

Memphis Chemistries
Fat/Oil (Triglyceride) Fatty Acid Glycerine Esters Amides Metal Carboxylates (stearates) Neustrene Hystrene (higher quality) Industrene (lower quality) Kemstrene Kemester / Witconol Kemamide Lubrazinc / Liquazinc / Lubracal (Perth Amboy)
(calcium stearate also made in Houston)

O C O C O C O C O C O C C---------------------------H H H H H H H C C C H OH H OH C OH HO C H O H C H H C H C H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H C---------------------------+ 3 H O H = C----------------------------

FAT/OIL
Splitting (Hydrolysis) Crude Fatty Acid
Distillation
Esterification Amidation

Crude Glycerine

Glycerine Refining

- Primary, Substituted
Hydrogenation Stearates

Finishing/Packaging
Powder, Prill, Flake, Pellet, Liquid

Solid Product Physical forms

Flakes Powder - sprayed Powder - ground Beads Pastilles Pellets - compression

Example - Ethylenebisstearamide
Application
PVC Polyolefin Paper Defoamer Powdered Metal Asphalt low TAV (1 max) / consistant AN(5-10) low - moderate TAV(2 max) / moderate AN (7 max) moderate TAV(5 max) / low AN (5 max) only how it affects particle size cheap

Particle Size
flake, prill, small prill, powder, micronized powder, smaller micronized powder

Type of Stearic Acid

composition does not seem to matter acid quality affects color and color stability

Glycerine
Uses Based On hydrophilic properties viscosity sweetness non-toxic three reactive hydroxyls

c - oH c - oH c - oH
Commercial Products Defined by Purity impurities
(USP / High Gravity) chlorides fat residues

percent glycerine
96% 99.7%

o Fatty Acids -------c - c - oH Uses Based On

crystallinity melting characteristics hydrophobic polarity non-toxic reactive carboxyl

Commercial Products Defined By

physical form carbon chain length distribution iodine value
(measure of double bonds)

impurities
color unsaponifiables iodine value

Fatty Acids Used in Plastics

Stearic Lubricant - PVC Mold Release - Polystyrene Lubricant/Mold Release - Acrylic Mold Release - PET Same as stearic except less volatile - useful in PET

Behenic

STEARIC ACIDS - GENERIC CHEMICAL NAME VS. ACTUAL COMPOSITION

Trade Name Alternate Name Composition C14 Hystrene 5016 Hystrene 4516 Hystrene 7018 triple pressed stearic 1 stearic hydrogenated tallow 1 2 C16 52 42 30 11 5 C17 C18 2.5 2.5 2.5 44 52 65 87 95

Industrene 8718 stearic Hystrene 9718 stearic

CURRENT COMMERCIAL ESTERS

-out of Memphis Glyceryl esters
glyceryl monostearate (GMS) glyceryl monooleate (GMO)

Sorbitan esters
sorbitan mono oleate (SMO)

Ethyleneglycol distearate (EGDS) Simple alcohol/fatty acid esters

methyl oleate tridecyl stearate

Speciality esters
homomentholsalicylate (HMS)

Fatty Esters Used in Plastics

Glyceryl Mono Stearate (Witconol) Antistat/Mold Release-Polypropylene Lubricant/Antistat - PVC Antifog - Polyethylene Antifog - Polyethylene Lubricant/Antifog - PVC Carrier/Dispersing Agent liquid colorants Lubricant - PVC

Glyceryl Mono Oleate (Witconol, Kemester) Glyceryl Tri Oleate (Kemester 1000) Ethylene Glycol Di-stearate (Kemester EDGS) Tridecyl Stearate (Kemester 5721) Glyceryl Tristearate (Neustrene 060)

Lubricant - PVC

Lubricant - PVC

Variables in Commercial Glycerylmonostearate (GMS) Products Stearic Acid Source Stearic Acid Content Monoglyceride Content Free Glycerine Content

WITCO GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATES

Product Witconol 84 Witconol 84K Witconol 150 Witconol 124 Witconol 918K Witconol 150K Witconol MST/ Kemester 6000 Form Powder/Flake Powder/Flake Powder Flake Powder Flake Flake/Powder Typical Fat Source Tallow Soy Tallow Tallow Soy Soy Tallow Alpha Mono Content* Glycerine (% max) (% min ) 40 40 52 52 52 52 40 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 6.0

WITCO GLYCERYL MONOOLEATE

Alphpa Mono Fat Content Source % min 52 36 46 Glycerine % max 1.5 1.0 8-9 Witconol 695 + 11% Propylene Glycol Technical Grade of Witconol 300 Technical Grade of Witconol 695

Product

Comments

Witconol 695/695K Veg. Witconol 816K Veg.

Witconol 300/300K Veg

Witconol 400

Animal

46

8-9

Kemester 2000

Animal

50

1.0

Amides
Uses Based On
hydrophobic polar relativily non reactive low solubility in many solvents low volility

- N- H

Commerical Products Defined By

carbon chain length distribution impurities
unreacted acid nitrile color / color stability

Witco Kemamide Product Line

EZ E Ultra ELO E-60 OR OR-60 VO O U B BR S P-181 E-180 S-221 S-180 W20 W40 Erucamide - standard grade Erucamide - premium grade Erucamide - high stability - no polyunsaturates Erucamide - small particle size powder Oleamide Oleamide - small particle size powder Oleamide - vegetable source Oleamide - technical grade Oleamide - low polyunsaturates Mixed saturated primary amide Behenamide Stearamide Oleylpalmitamide Stearylerucamide Erucylstearamide Stearylstearamide Ethylenebisoleamide Ethylenebisstearamide

Non Plastics / Ink uses for Amides

Stearamide (Kemamide S) coating of thermal transfer type Fax paper Ethylenebisstearamide (Kemamide W40) Raise melt point of asphalt Defoamer in paper processing Lubricant in powdered metal molding Waxes

SLIP and ANTIBLOCK AGENTS for POLYOLEFINS (Amides)

MODE OF OPERATION
Incorporated in polymer melt Incompatible with polymer Migrate to surface - through amorphous regions Spread on surface? Crystallize on surface Layer of amide provides surface lubricity

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING AMIDE PERFORMANCE

Amide
Solubility in Polymer Melting Point Molecular Size Structure

Polymer
Melting Point Density Crystallinity Low MW Polymer

PRIMARY AMIDE MIGRATION

Film Surface

Amide Group

Fatty Chain

THREE STRUCTURES OF AMIDE

o C

H N H R

o C

H N R

Primary Amide o C

Substituted Amide o C

NH

CH CH NH Bisamide

Nitrile Formation in Primary Amides

Primary Amide

o R C N

H R H C N + HOH

Secondary Amide

o R C N

H No Dehydration R

TGA WEIGHT LOSS OF AMIDES*

Temperature when Weight Loss begins, oC 195 220 Temperature when Rapid Weight Loss Begins, oC 250 280

Product Type Primary Oleamide Erucamide

Percent Total Weight Loss 99.3 94.8

Secondary

Oleylpalmitamide

11.8

225

300

Bisamide

Ethylenebisoleamide

11.6

220

305

* 20 C/min to 350 C, in air

EFFECT OF PRIMARY AMIDE SATURATION/UNSATURATION ON LDPE COF

1000 PPM Day 1 Control Oleamide
(one double bond)

Day 14 1.04 0.18 0.31

1.05 0.20 0.33

Stearamide
(no double bonds)

EFFECT OF PRIMARY AMIDE MOLE WEIGHT ON LDPE COF

1000 PPM Day 1 Control Oleamide
(18 carbons)

Day 14 0.57 0.17 0.15

0.58 0.19 0.19

Erucamide
(22 carbons)

Effect of Primary Amide Type on Bloom Rate in LDPE

Time 2 min 7 min 20 min 45 min 90 min 1 day Oleamide (500 ppm) 0.38 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.23 Erucamide (500 ppm) 0.43 0.37 0.31 0.26 0.23 0.20

EFFECT OF PRIMARY AMIDE CONCENTRATION ON LDPE COF @ 14 DAYS

PPM Control 125 500 1000 1250 2000 Oleamide 0.60 0.42 0.22 0.17 0.15 0.15 Erucamide 0.60 0.36 0.19 0.15 0.14 0.13

Oleamide vs. Erucamide

+ Faster Migration + Lower Cost + Also Antiblock + Lower Final CoF + Less Volatile + Vegetable Source - Higher Cost - Slower Migration

- Most Volatile - No Antiblock - Animal Source

RATE OF SLIP DEVELOPMENT OF ERUCAMIDE IN CAST POLYPROPYLENE FILM

1.00

1000 ppm Erucamide 0.80 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 3000 ppm Erucamide

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 TIME AFTER EXTRUSION (hours)

EFFECT OF FILM THICKNESS ON COF

0.5

0.45 250 ppm Erucamide

0.4

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION

0.35

500 ppm Erucamide

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 FILM THICKNESS (mils)

SLIP IN LDPE BLOWN FILM

Additive Level 1000 ppm
Amide Type Primary CoF Amide Oleamide Erucamide Stearamide Behenamide Oleylpalmitamide Stearylerucamide Ethylenebisoleamide Ethylenebisstearamide 1 day 0.23 0.20 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.33 0.39 0.52 14 days 0.18 0.13 0.50 0.55 0.41 0.29 0.22 0.50

Secondary

Bisamide

SLIP IN OCTENE LLDPE BLOWN FILM

ADDITIVE LEVEL 1000 ppm
CoF Amide Primary Oleamide Erucamide Stearamide Stearylerucamide Oleylpalmitamide 1 day 0.19 0.17 0.65 0.26 0.33 14 days 0.17 0.18 0.58 0.33 0.45 0.72 0.90

Secondary

Bisamide

Ethylenebisstearamide 0.70 Control 0.92

Slip in Butene LLDPE Blown Film

1500 ppm silica + 1000 ppm amide
AMIDE Oleamide Erucamide Stearamide Stearylerucamide Oleylpalmitamide Ethylenebisoleamide Etylenebisstearamide Control (silica / no amide) CoF 1 DAY 14DAYS 0.24 0.23 0.14 0.14 0.43 0.46 0.36 0.42 0.85 0.71 0.74 0.46 0.55 0.69 0.38 0.75

Primary

Secondary

Bisamide

SLIP IN 4.5 % VA / PE BLOWN FILM

1000 ppm Amide + 1000 ppm Silica
CoF Primary Amide Oleamide Erucamide Stearamide Stearylerucamide Oleylpalmitamide Ethylenebisoleamide Control (1000 ppm Silica) 1 Day 0.11 0.11 0.25 0.31 0.25 0.22 0.64 14 Days 0.11 0.11 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.14 0.64

Secondary

Bisamide

SLIP IN CAST POLYPROPYLENE FILM

Additive Level 3000 ppm Amide Type Primary COF Amide Oleamide Erucamide Stearamide Behenamide Oleylpalmitamide Stearylerucamide Ethylene bisoleamide Ethylene bisstearamide Control 2 days 0.20 0.24 0.44 0.37 0.26 0.36 0.77 0.84 1.04 14 days 0.18 0.17 0.23 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.50 0.79 1.08

Secondary

Bisamide

EFFECT OF ORIENTATION ON COF CAST vs. BLOWN POLYPROPYLENE FILM*

Cast 1.04 0.38 0.32 Blown 0.65 0.31 0.22

Control Oleamide Erucamide

*Amide level 1000 ppm, 14 day measurement

Rapeseed Composition
CHAIN LENGTH C16 C16:1 C18 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20 C20:1 C20:2 C22 C22:1 C22:2 C24 PERCENT 2.9 0.2 1.0 14.3 11.4 6.3 0.7 7.6 0.5 0.7 52.5 0.7 0.8

RATE OF SLIP DEVELOPMENT E-ULTRA vs EZ/E-EXPORT

0.80

0.70

1500 KEMAMIDE E ULTRA 1500 KEMAMIDE EZ

0.60

CO EFFICIEN O FR T F ICTIO N

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00 2 4 7 10 20 30 45 60 1440

TIME AFTER EXTRUSION (min.)

Effect of Erucic Content on the Slip Performance of Erucamides

Erucamide Type 82 % Erucic 90 % Erucic CoF one day 0.11 0.12 CoF one week 0.09 0.08 CoF two weeks 0.07 0.09

Comparison E-Ultra vs EZ/E-Export

SPECIFICATION Erucic Content, % Iodine Value Melting Point, C Heat Stability, Gardner (1 hr. at 205 C) Color, Gardner Percent Amide Acid Number Moisture, % E-ULTRA 90 min 71 - 76 80 - 85 3 max 2 max 98 min 1 max 0.25 max EZ 80 - 86 70 - 80 76 - 86 4 max 2 max 98 min 1 max 0.25 max

EFFECT OF BLOCKING TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON ANTIBLOCK IN POLYETHYLENE FILM

at 50o C 1 psi 2 psi 18.1 12.8 68.2 26.2 19.7 77.5 at 60o C 1 psi 2 psi 28.9 87.5 31.0 91.4

Additive 1000 ppm Behenamide 1000 ppm Erucamide Control (No Additives)

112.8 139.0

LDPE Blown Film

Percent Reduction Blocking Force At 50 C
additives at 1000 ppm

percent reduction blocking force

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target silica O E S additive B E-180 P-181 W20

Octene LLDPE Blown Film

80 70 percent reduction blocking force 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target E S additive B W40 W20

Percent Reduction in Blocking Force at 50 C additives at 1000 ppm

Butene LLDPE Blown Film

Percent Reduction blocking Force at 50 C
100 percent reduction blocking force 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target silica E S B S-221 W40 W20 additive 3000 ppm 1000 ppm

2% VA / PE Blown Film
Percent Reduction Blocking Force at 50 C
100 percent reduction blocking force 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target silica E S B additive E-180 S-180 W40 W20 1000 ppm amide + 1000 silica 3000 ppm amide

4.5% VA / PE Blown Film

Percent Reduction Blocking Force at 50 C
100 p ercen t red u ctio n b lo ckin g fo rce 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target silica E S B additive E-180 S-180 W40 W20 1000 ppm amide + 1000 silica 3000 ppm amide

Polypropylene Cast Film

Percent Reduction Blocking Force at 50 C
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target silica E S B additive E-180 P-181 W40 W20 p e rc e n t r e d u c tio n b lo c k in g fo r c e

3000 ppm 1000 ppm

EFFECT OF OTHER ADDITIVES

Inorganic Antiblocks
Reduced block of film requires less amide Absorption of amide by antiblock Synergy with amides in LLDPE

Metal Stearates
Stearates cause faster bloom of amide Zinc stearate catalyzes dehydration of amide

Amides Push Sodium Benzoate to Surface

EFFECT OF PROCESSING TEMPERATURE AND STEARATES ON THE LOSS OF ERUCAMIDE IN LDPE MASTERBATCHES
Processing Temperature 175 oC 225 oC 275 oC % Amide % Amide % Amide 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.1 2.9 4.7 3.5 2.2

Additive 5% Erucamide Erucamide + 5% Calcium Stearate Erucamide + 5% Zinc Stearate

EFFECT OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH AND KEMAMIDE E LEVELS ON COF OF LDPE BLOWN FILM
1

0.9 NO AMIDE 0.8 500 ppm Erucamide CO EFFICIENT OF FRICTIO N 0.7 250 ppm Erucamide 0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 DIATOMACEOUS EARTH LEVEL (ppm)

Two New Needs Identified in the Market

High Stability Erucamide for Bottled Water Applications
Kemamide ELO

Vegetable Sourced Oleamide Without Additional Cost

Kemamide VO

Kemamide ELO for Bottled Water Applications

Erucamide is well known as an effective slip agent for polyolefins Bottled water is typically sterilised with ozone Taste and odour complaints have occurred with water bottles closed with polyolefin caps containing erucamide Commercial grade erucamide contain mixtures of fatty acids including polyunsaturation (multiple double bonds)

Slip Characteristics of Behenamide vs Erucamide in Polypropylene

40 micron non-oriented cast film, amides at 3000 ppm)
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 Behenamide Erucamide 0.3 CoF 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 6 8 Time (days) 10 12 14 16

Ozone Oxidation of Docosadienoamide

Amide of a 22 Carbon Fatty Acid Containing 2 Double Bonds

H N H

O C H
Docosadienoic Ozone

+ O3

O NH2 C H + +

Slip Performance of High Stability Amide in Polypropylene

AMIDE Kemamide ELO Erucamide Behenamide No Amide CoF 3 Hours 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.46 CoF 1 Day 0.22 0.23 0.36 0.46 Cof 1 Week 0.21 0.21 0.34 0.4

(40 micron non-oriented cast film, amides at 9000 ppm)

Colour Stability of High Stability Amide vs Erucamide

AMIDE

INITIAL COLOUR
(Gardner)

Kemamide ELO Erucamide

<1 <1

COLOUR 3 MONTHS at RT 1 2

COLOUR 2 WEEKS at 60o C 2 3

Experimental Procedure for Taste and Odour Test

Glass Jars - Teflon Lined Caps
Clean Rinsed with DI water

Deinonized Water Ozone bubbled in water until level is 0.7 ppm Injection Molded Polypropylene Disk (1.05 mm thick, 63 mm diameter)
Control 9000 ppm Behenamide 9000 ppm Kemamide ELO 9000 ppm Erucamide

Oven at 43o C for 3 Months Sensory Panel

1 - 15 Scale

Sensory Evaluation
Aroma
Ozone Plastic Solvent / Glue Waxy / Fatty / Aldehyde

Taste - Aromatics
Ozone Solvent / Glue Waxy / Fatty / Aldehyde

Taste - Basic
Bitter Salt Sour Sweet

Feeling Factors
Astringent

Perception of Waxy / Fatty / Aldehyde Aroma

3.5 3 2.5 S co re 2

1.5 1 0.5 0 Control Behenamide ELO Erucamide

Perception of Waxy / Fatty / Aldehyde Taste

4 3.5 3 2.5 S co r e 2 1 0.5 0 Control Behenamide ELO Erucamide 1.5

Total Sensory Perceptions

16 15 14

S c o re

13 12 11 10 9 8

Control

Behenamide

ELO

Erucamide

Kemamide ELO - Conclusions

Oxidation of double bonds in erucamide can result in taste and odour issues Polyunsaturation in typical commercial erucamides can lead to greater taste and odour problems Ozone is an aggressive oxidant Taste and odour formation can be greatly reduced by removing polyunsaturation from erucamide products Slip performance in polypropylene of high stability erucamide, Kemamide ELO, is equivalent to standard commercial erucamides at the high concentrations needed for cap applications

Kemamide VO Vegetable Oleamide

Product Requirements
Vegetable Sourced Oleamide Price Competitive with Animal Oleamide GMO Free Equivalent Slip Properties

Kemamide VO and Kemamide OR - Slip in Butene LLDPE

0.7

1000 ppm Kemamide OR

0.6

1000 ppm Kemamide VO

0.5

COF 0.4
0.3

0.2

0.1 10 20 30 45 60 180 1440

MINUTES

Rate of Slip Development in Octene LLDPE

Kemamide VO and Kemamide OR - Slip in PP Cast Film

0.45 5000 ppm KEMAMIDE OR 5000 ppm KEMAMIDE VO 2500 ppm KEMAMIDE OR 2500 ppm KEMAMIDE VO

0.40

0.35

0.30 COF 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 1 4 HOURS 24

Kemamide VO Conclusions
Vegetable Sourced Fatty Acid Not from Genetically Modified Sources Performance Equivalent to Animal Sourced Oleamides Same Cost as Animal Oleamide

Metal Carboxylates
(Stearates)
An Introduction

Metal Carboxylates
Metal carboxylates are classified as metal soaps which are defined as the metallic salts of straight chain fatty acids from 8 to 24 carbon atoms. Since the majority of uses are for the stearic acid the class of products is often just called stearates.

The metals Witco uses to make the stearates are: Aluminum Potassium Calcium Sodium Lithium Zinc Magnesium

Metal Stearates Properties

Particle size range is from 0.5 to 60 microns, typical requested sizes being 5 20 microns. Most stearates do not have well defined melt points and only Zinc Stearate turns liquid upon melting. The other stearates have wide softening points where the first signs of plastic flow is noticed. Stearates are soluble in hot hydrocarbon solutions and form gels or precipitate out when cooled. Only sodium and potassium stearates are soluble in hot water.

Metal Stearates Crystal Structure

Metal stearates lining up to coat a plastic surface to aid mold release

Metal Stearate Manufacture

Metal stearates are formed by either fusion or by precipitation. Fusion is the direct reaction of stearic acid with a metal oxide or hydroxide. Precipitation is a metathesis reaction in an aqueous medium where an insoluble metal salt is formed from a water-soluble soap. The choice between fusion and precipitation is based on the desired final purity and particle size.

METHODS OF STEARATE MANUFACTURE

Fusion Reaction MO + 2RCOOH --> M (OOCR) 2 + H2O or M(OH) 2 + 2RCOOH --> M (OOCR) 2 + 2H2O Precipitation Reaction NaOH + RCOOH --> NaOOCR + H2O then 2NaOOCR + MSO4 --> M (OOCR) 2 + Na2SO4
M = Metal, RCOOH = Fatty acid, M(OOCR) 2 = Metal stearate

Fused Stearates
Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. High Production Rate (twice precipitation rate) Low Energy Cost Higher Density (up to 45 lb/ft3) More Controllable Particle Size, e.g. Extra Dense G, Special V/ F Only way to make alkali metal (Na, K) salts due to water solubility Larger Particle Size No water soluble salt impurities Contains impurities from the metal oxide/hydroxide- grit, iron Purer zinc stearate (due to clean oxide)

Precipitated Stearates
Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Small Particle Size (average 7-10 microns) Low Bulk Density (average 12-15 lb/ft3) Limited control of density/particle size. Higher Purity for Calcium and Magnesium Slower Production Rate High Energy Cost

Characteristics in Solid State Form

Attributes: Small particle size, high surface area Lubricity Water repellency Uses: 1. Lubrication
a. Food b. Ceramics c. Metal working d. Cosmetics e. Pharmaceuticals f. Surface Coatings g. Fertilizer h. Textiles

2. Water Repellency
a. Concrete b. Surface Coatings

Characteristics in Solution State Form

Attributes: Limited solubility Acid neutralization Gelling Uses: 1. Pastes
a. PVC b. Polystyrene (crystal, expandable, high impact) c. Polyolefins (polypropylene, polyethylene) d. ABS e. Polyurethane f. Nylon

2. Lubricants
a. Automotive and aircraft greases

3. Cosmetics
a. Antiperspirants b. Mineral oil gels

Metal Stearate Solubility Example

Solution State

Micelle State

Gelation after heating and cooling cycle

Metal Stearates
Solubility vs. Temperature in Organic Solvents

Aluminum Stearate (aluminum tristearate)

Grade 132 18 22 EA-Food Grade 30 22 KC Principal Uses Paints, nylon lubricant & defoamer (tri) Paints (di/tri mix) Grease, nylon lubricant, defoamer, plastigels (di) Foods, nylon (22 using food grade stearic) Lubricating grease - special hi gel Water/Oil emulsifier - one customer

Lithium Stearate
Grade 304 306 PM 90A 90B
12- HYDROXYSTEARATE

Principal Uses Automotive greases (low AN 306) Automotive greases, polishing wheel Powder metal lubricant (double screened 306) Silicone based lubricants (mix of fatty acids) Silicone based lubricants (one customer) Specialty lubricants

Magnesium Stearate
Grade Fused DM Precipitated D NF FG D NF Bulky Food Grade D Veg General use, larger particles Pharmaceuticals (D tested for NF) Pharmaceuticals (smaller particle D-NF) Food, Spices, Tableting Lubricant for ABS, general use Principal Uses

Potassium Stearate
Grade Regular Principal Uses General Use, Vulcanization Promoter

Food Grade V

Food Emulsifier, cake mixes, & coffee whitener Vegetable

Sodium Stearate
Grade T-1 Principal Uses Vulcanization Promoter, Room Deodorants, General use Polymers Deodorant Sticks (alcohol base) Deodorant Sticks - custom mix of fatty acids Pharmaceuticals (T1 tested for NF) Food Emulsifier, Pharmaceuticals

C-1 C-7 NF EA-Food Grade

Sodal stearate 41 sodium/aluminium stearate mix - costmetics C = cosmetics grade, T= more of a technical grade

Calcium Stearate
Grade Precipitated
FP NF G

Principal Uses
General use grade Pharmaceutical and Confections tableting Polypropylene Fiber

Fused
Regular FG (fine grind) Disperso D Extra Dense G D Kosher HP-LG ED SG Disperso B F General use, ceramics, technical grade PVC, pipe, siding General use PVC, polyolefins Foods, spices, more granular Polypropylene Fiber, lowest grit Polypropylene Anti-block for SBR crumb PVC lubricant, phenolic resins

Calcium Stearate HPLG

Precipitated Quality at Fused Price Level
Uses a ground and air classified lime to reduce grit size to levels found in precipitated calcium stearate

Calcium Stearate - Filterability Comparison 100.0% 90.0% 80.0%

S c r e e n B lo c k e d

70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% PPT (22) HPLG (22) Fused (22) PPT (13) HPLG (13) Fused (13) Material Type (filter micron size)

Zinc Stearate
Grade Precipitated
#11 Lacquer Grade USP Bulky NB-60 NW #42

Principal Uses
Rubber Anti-block Sanding sealers Pharmaceuticals Sanding sealers Rubber Anti-block (floatation, non wetting) General use grade, copy toner

Fused
Lubrazinc W Ed-Heat Stable (pastilles and powder) Regular Pastilles Disperso D OB Pastilles OB Veg Pastilles D Veg General use grade, metal powder Lubricant Polyethylene, Urethanes, Polystyrene General Use / Polymers Rubber Anti-block Polyethylene acid neutralizer Polyethylene (specialty food wrap) Pharmaceutical grade, not USP certified

Stearate Dispersions (water based)

Product Zinc Stearate NB 60-MDI ME/ Zinc Stearate Z60 Liquazinc AQ 90 Lubracal 48 Lubracal 48N Stearate Principal Uses

Zn

Release agent for sandpaper

Zn Ca Ca

Metalwork, sanding sealers General use PVC Anti-stat

Stearblend
Stearblend 1010 Stearblend EX ZN Calcium Stearate / Antioxidant Zinc Stearate / Antioxidant

INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE AGENTS

ADVANTAGES OF INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE AGENTS VS. SPRAY-ONS

No mold residue to clean off Amount of mold release can be varied Easier calculation of mold release costs Not necessary to periodically retreat mold surface

EFFECTIVENESS OF MOLD RELEASE AGENTS IN NYLON

Percent Reduction of Ejection Force 44.8 31.2 43.1 45.2 52.8

Kemamide B Kemamide E-180 MoldPro 759 MoldPro 759 Fluorocarbon Spray-On

Level, ppm 2500 2500 2500 3000 --

EFFECTIVENESS OF MOLD FLOW IMPROVERS IN NYLON

Flow Improver Kemamide B Kemamide E-180 MoldPro 759 MoldPro 759 Level, ppm 2500 2500 2500 3000 Percent increase in Mold Flow 4.3 16.5 15.7 17.4

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NYLON WITH ADDITIVES PRESENT

Tensile Strength at Yield, psi 10.514 10.294 10,387 10,496 Percent Elongation at Break 64.9 54.8 56.3 55.2 Izod Impact Strength ft.-lbs./in. 0.80 0.88 0.87 0.91

Additive ( 2500 ppm) No Additive Kemamide B Kemamide E-180 MoldPro 759

EFFECTIVENESS OF MOLD RELEASE AGENTS IN ACETAL

Percent Reduction of Ejection Force 26.0 23.3 15.2 5.3 22.1

Release Agent Kemamide W-40 Kemamide W-40 Kemamide W-40 Kemamide W-40 Flurorocarbon Spray-on

Level, ppm 7,500 5,000 2,500 1,000 ----

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ACETAL WITH KEMAMIDE W-40

PPM Kemamide W-40 0 Tensile Strenght at Yield, PSI Percent Elongation at Break Izod Impact, Ft.-Lbs./In. 9,965 36 1..30 2,500 9,883 39 1.32 5,000 9,818 41 1.35

INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE ADDITIVES IN LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

Additive Kemamide E Kemamide E Glyceryl monostearate Fluorocarbon Spray-On Level ppm 1,000 5,000 2,000 -Percent Reduction of Mold Release Force 30.2 49.8 26.0 11.7

INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE ADDITIVES IN HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

Level ppm 5,000 2,500 5,000 5,000 -Percent Reduction of Mold Release Force 30.8 20.2 11.2 14.8 20.7

Additive Kemamide E Kemamide E Kemamide W-40 Glyceryl monostearate Fluorocarbon Spray-On

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HDPE WITH ADDITIVE

Tensile Strength at Yield psi 3,810 3,825

Additive No Additive Kemamide E

Level ppm 0 2,500

% Elongation at Break 551 410

EFFECTIVENESS OF MOLD RELEASE AGENTS IN POLYPROPYLENE

Percent Reduction of Ejection Force 23.9 17.9 25.8 7.9 23.1

Release Agent Witconol 150 Kemamide E Kemamide E Calcium Stearate Fluorocardon Spray-On

Level, ppm 2,500 2,500 5,000 2,500 ---

EFFECT OF MONOGLYCERIDE CONTENT OF GMS ON MOLD RELEASE FOR POLYPROPYLENE

Percent Monoglyeride Content 12 40 (Witconol 84) 52 (Witconol 150) 90 (Witconol S) Percent Reduction in Mold Release Force 15.9 23.8 23.9 22.4

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE CONTAINING MOLD RELEASE AGENTS

Level, ppm No Additive Witconol 150 Kemamide E 0 2,500 5,000

Strength Percent Izod At Yield, PSI Elongation Impact, ft/16-in 4,848 5,033 4,944 295 175 187 0.65 0.72 0.69

INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE ADDITIVES IN ABS

Level ppm 10,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 10,000 -Percent Reduction of Mold Release Force 11.2 10.5 8.9 3.6 2.3 11.1

MoldPro 702** MoldPro 702 MoldPro 702 MoldPro 702 Kemamide W-40 Flurocarbon Spray-On ** semi-commercial

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ABS WITH MOLDPRO 702 PRESENT

PPM Moldpro 702 0 Tensile Strength of Yield, psi Percent Elongation at Break Izod Impact, ft-lbs/in 7,172 3.95 3.99 5,000 6,422 3.28 4.12 10,000 6,234 3.10 4.3