ELECTRICAL

vendredi 2 mars 2012

INTRODUCTION:

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR: TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:

1) Shaded Pole(Very Small Motors) 2) Split-Phase a) Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor ----- Fan Motor b) Capacitor Start Inductor Run Motor ----- Fractional H.P. motor for Pump sets. 2(b) Capacitor Start Induction Motor:
CENTRIFUGAL SWITCH

MOTOR MAINTENANCE:
MECHANICAL: 1) Greasing the bearings. 2) Alignment with the pump, blower, etc. 3) Vibrator check. 4) Motor body temperature.
2

C R

ELECTRICAL: 1) Measure the insulators resistance of the motor winding.(To be at least above 10 mega ohms) 2) Terminal block and termination of windings 3) Double earthing of motor body. HARMONICS: *) The AC voltage or current in a non linear electrical load will have odd and even harmonics. The odd harmonics especially 3rd and 5th , will result in unwanted losses called harmonic losses. *) The 3rd harmonics will have its frequency 3 times its fundamental frequency. Suppose the fundamental frequency is 50 cycles per second, its 3rd harmonic will have 150 cycles per second. *) In order to reduce the harmonic losses, it is required to have filter circuits comprising of inductance and capacitance(LC filters) in the non linear loads such as UPS, VFD. *) It is better that the total harmonic distortion of voltage is maintained 10% or less and the THD(Total Harmonic Distortion) of current 5% or less.
3

THREE PHASE INDUCTOR MOTOR:

The motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. This motor works as electrical induction. This motor has a rotor and stator. The stator has a 3 phase winding. The rotor can be of cage type or slip ring type. The cage rotor has solid aluminum or copper bars inserted in the rotor slots where as the slip ring rotor has a 3 phase winding terminated on to 3 slip rings.

CAGE ROTOR SAMPLE STATOR / ROTOR WINDING COIL

STARTERS:
BALANCED STAR CONNECTION: SIMILAR or DISIMILAR ENDS ARE CONNECTED:

STARTERS:
BALANCED DELTA CONNECTION: DISIMILAR ENDS ARE CONNECTED:

Line Current = 3 Phase Current Phase Current = IRY = IYB = IBR = IL 3 The 3 phase electrical load if not balanced, the calculation for currents will be different.

STARTERS:
When the AC Voltage is directly applied on to the stator windings of a 3 phase induction motor, the motor draws a high starting current which may disturb the system voltage. The starting current may be of the order of 6 to 7 times the full load current of the motor.
6

STARTERS:
In order to reduce the starting current, there are three types of starters, normally used in industrial applications.

TYPES OF STARTERS:
1)DIRECT ONLINE STARTER(DOL): In this the AC Voltage is directly applied to the stator. No effort is taken to reduce the starting current. The control circuit of DOL starter is as under

DOL starters are used up to 10 HP normally.

STARTERS:
2) STAR-DELTA STARTER:
In this starter, the stator windings of the motor are connected initially in star and once the motor reaches its 2/3rd of its normal speed, the stator windings are changed to delta connection. In this starter, the starting current is reduced by 3 times compared to DOL starter.

The - starter can be of a) manual

b) semi automatic type c) fully automatic type The - starter are used for motors from 12.5 HP to 30 HP.

POWER CIRCUIT OF STAR DELTA STARTER:

POWER CIRCUIT:
a,b,c shorted a1b2, b1c2,c1a2 are connected

CONTROL CIRCUIT OF STAR DELTA STARTER:

10

STARTERS:
3) AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER: In this starter, an auto transformer which has 70% of its winding tapping is initially connected to the stator windings and once the motor reaches its 2/3rd of its normal speed, the 100% of the winding tapping is connected to the stator windings. In this starter, the starting current is reduced by 3 times compared to starter. Auto-transformer starter are used normally for motors above 30 HP. THERMAL OVER-LOAD RELAY:
These starters have thermal over load relays to trip the motor on over load situations. These Bi-metal relay elements carry the full or proportionate current to the motor and when the current through these elements crosses the pre-set value, these elements bend and open a normally closed contact, incorporated with the relay. This disconnects the electricity supply to the contactor coils of the starter.

11

FUSES:
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY FUSES): *) These fuses have in burst current, time characteristics and are used as a circuit breaker. *) These are specified by its type, current rating, voltage rating & its braking capacity. *) In electrical motor circuits these HRC fuses are used as a back up protection to the overload relay of starter. *) The overload relay will take care only overload protection where as the HRC fuse will take care of the short circuit protection. *) In electrical feeders the HRC fuses are used in conjunction with MCCBs to enhance the fault level. It means the MCCB will be having lower breaking capacity where as a HRC fuses will have higher breaking capacity. FUSE SWITCH: In this switch the HRC fuse link itself will work as moving contact and normally it will be of double break type isolation.

12

CIRCUIT BREAKER:

*) A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. *) Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated - this arc must be contained, cooled, and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. *) Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as the medium in which the arc forms. Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc including: *) Lengthening of the arc *) Intensive cooling (in jet chambers) *) Division into partial arcs *) Zero point quenching *) Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits
13

ARC INTERRUPTION:

*) Miniature low-voltage circuit breakers use air alone to extinguish the arc. Larger ratings will have metal plates or non-metallic arc chutes to divide and cool the arc. Magnetic blowout coils deflect the arc into the arc chute. *) In larger ratings, oil circuit breakers rely upon vaporization of some of the oil to blast a jet of oi through the arc. *) Gas (usually sulphur hexafluoride) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the arc using a magnetic field, and then rely upon the dielectric strength of the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) to quench the stretched arc. *) Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing (as there is nothing to ionize other than the contac material), so the arc quenches when it is stretched a very small amount (<2-3 mm). *) Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in modern medium-voltage switchgear to 35,000 volts. *) Air circuit breakers may use compressed air to blow out the arc, or alternatively, the contacts ar rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber, the escaping of the displaced air thus blowing out the arc. *) Circuit breakers are usually able to terminate all current very quickly: typically the arc is extinguished between 30 ms and 150 ms after the mechanism has been tripped, depending upon age and construction of the device.
14

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Many different classifications of circuit breakers can be made, based on their features such as voltage class, construction type, interrupting type, and structural features. Based on the Interrupting medium the Circuit Breakers are classified as 1.Vacuum Circuit breaker 2.Air Circuit Breaker 3.SF6 Circuit Breaker Vacuum circuit breakerWith rated current up to 3000 A, these breakers interrupt the current by creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container. These can only be practically applied for voltages up to about 35,000 V, which corresponds roughly to the medium-voltage range of power systems. Vacuum circuit breakers tend to have longer life expectancies between overhaul than do air circuit breakers. Air circuit breakerRated current up to 10,000 A. Trip characteristics are often fully adjustable including configurable trip thresholds and delays. Usually electronically controlled, though some models are microprocessor controlled via an integral electronic trip unit. Often used for main power distribution in large industrial plant, where the breakers are arranged in draw-out enclosures for ease of maintenance.
15

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:

SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT-BREAKERS: *) High-voltage circuit-breakers have greatly changed since they were first introduced about 40 years ago, and several interrupting principles have been developed that have contributed successively to a large reduction of the operating energy. *) These breakers are available for indoor or outdoor applications, the latter being in the form of breaker poles housed in ceramic insulators mounted on a structure. *) Current interruption in a high-voltage circuit-breaker is obtained by separating two contacts in a medium, such as SF6, having excellent dielectric and arc quenching properties. *) After contact separation, current is carried through an arc and is interrupted when this arc is cooled by a gas blast of sufficient intensity.
Gas blast applied on the arc must be able to cool it rapidly so that gas temperature between the contacts is reduced from 20,000 K to less than 2000 K in a few hundred microseconds, so that it is able to withstand the transient recovery voltage that is applied across the contacts after current interruption. Sulphur hexafluoride is generally used in present high-voltage circuitbreakers (of rated voltage higher than 52 kV).
16

TRANSFORMER:

It is a device used to change the voltage of an alternating current in one circuit to a different voltage in an another circuit. It transfers 99.75% of their input power to their output.

17

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
*) Power Transformer *) Distribution Transformer *) Instrumentation Transformer a. Potential Transformer b. Current Transformer POWER TRANSFORMER : *) Power transformers are used for stepping up the voltage , for example in power generating stations. *) A typical power transformer may have voltage ratio as 11000v/110,000 v. DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER : *) Distribution transformers are used for stepping down the voltage in an electrical sub-stations. Eg.11000 v/440 v *) The distribution transformers can be further classified on the basis of its cooling 1)Oil cooled transformer 2)Air cooled transformers: are also called as Dry-type transformers.
18

DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER:

DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER:
In order to eliminate the fire risk in the oil cooled transformer, nowadays dry type transformer, cooled by air, is used. The windings are resin cast and fans are used to cool the transformer core and windings. The transformer winding temperature is designed for up to a temperature rise of 80C above maximum ambient temperature of 40C.

A difficulty in the dry type transformer is that installation of on-load tap changer in dry type transformer is expensive.

19

THANK YOU

20