Chapter 33

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

Levels of Organization

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar function Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized function Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning together

Organism - A collection of organ systems

Types of Tissues
Four major vertebrate tissue types

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

Epithelial covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands Connective binds and support body parts Muscular moves the body and its parts Nervous receives stimuli and transmits nerve impulses

Epithelial Tissues
also called epithelium

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer it covers surfaces and lines body cavities has a protective function, and modified to carry out secretion, absorption, excretion and filtration

Epithelial cells

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

connected to one another by 3 types of junctions composed of proteins:

Tight junctions regions where proteins join them together (small intestine, kidney) Adhesion junctions allow epithelial cells to stretch and bend (skin)
Gap junctions protein channels that permit the passage of molecules between 2 adjacent cells

Epithelial Tissue

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

Forms a continuous layer over body surfaces Lines inner cavities Forms glands

Three types of epithelial tissues:

Squamous Flat cells Cuboidal - Cube-shaped cells Columnar Pillar-shaped cells

Covers abdominal organs

- Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavities - Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstream

Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates

3 Components of Connective Tissue Specialized cells

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

Ground substance a non-cellular material that separates the cells Protein fibers principal structural proteins of the body * collagen * reticular * elastic fibers

Connective Tissue
Connective tissues consist of:

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

Fibroblast cells
A matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers Loose fibrous connective tissue Allows organs to expand Dense fibrous connective tissue Strong connective tissue - Tendons - Ligaments

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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1. Loose fibrous supports epithelium and many internal organs (lungs, arteries and urinary bladder)
2. Adipose tissue serves as bodys primary energy reservoir 3. Dense fibrous connective contains many collagen fibers that are packed together

Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue

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Connective Tissue Adipose Tissue

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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Insulates the body and provides padding

Cartilage
Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrix Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) in the matrix

Connective Tissue Examples

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Connective Tissue

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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Compact Bone
Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunae

Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)

Blood

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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Actually a connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)
Red blood cells - erythrocytes

White blood cells - leukocytes

Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells

Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes

Blood, a Liquid Tissue

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Muscular Tissue

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments Cells are called muscle fibers
Skeletal Muscle
- Voluntary - Long, striated fibers

Smooth Muscle
- Involuntary - No striations

Cardiac Muscle
- Striated, but mostly involuntary - Bound by intercalated disks

Muscular Tissue

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Nervous Tissue

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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Nervous Tissue contains neurons

Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon
- Long axons covered by myelin - Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers form nerves

Neuroglia support and nourish neurons

Nervous Tissue
Sensory input

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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Nervous system has three functions

- Sensory receptors detect changes - Transmit info to the spinal cord

Data integration
- Spinal cord and brain integrate - Decision is made regarding appropriate response

Motor output
- Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle) - Effector initiates actual response

Neurons and Neuroglia

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Integumentary system

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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consists of skin and its derivatives (hairs, nails, cutaneous glands, etc.)
Functions:
1. 2. covering and protection secretions of substances 6. storage of reserved food 7. nourishment for the young 8. locomotion 9. regulation of temperature

3. excretion of metabolic wastes 4. Sensation 5. respiration

SKIN
body

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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considered as true integument covering the surface of the

largest organ of vertebrate body 15 to 16% of the total body weight covers an area of about 17.5 sq. ft (woman) and 20 (man)

about 1 to 2 mm thick
about 40 kg (88 lbs) of dead cells are shed lifetime 1 cm2 skin contains 200 nerve endings, 10 hairs and muscles, 100 sweat glands, 15 oil glands, 3 blood vessels, 12 heat receptors, 2 cold receptors and 25 pressure-ending receptors

Functions & Regions of Skin

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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Functions of skin
Covers and protects underlying body regions Regulate body temperature, and Contains sensory receptor

Epidermis - Outer, thinner region

Stratified squamous epithelium New cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed off Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment) Nails grow from specialized epidermal cells

Epidermis

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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Made up of stratified squamous layer of epithelial tissue 10 to 30 cells thick

Layers:
1. Stratum corneum outermost layer, keratinized 2. Stratum lucidum translucent layer 3. Stratum granulosum keratohyaline granules 4. Stratum spinosum Langerhans cells 5. Stratum germinativum actively dividing cells

Human Skin Anatomy

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Dermis

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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- deeper and thicker than epidermis - Provides structural support for the epidermis and as matrix for many nerve endings
Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers Contains:
- Hair follicles - Sebaceous glands - Receptors - Nerve fibers - Blood vessels

Regions of the Dermis

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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1. Papillary region consists of areolar connective tissue; forms the dermal papillae

2. Reticular region consists of dense irregular connective tissue

Sensory receptors in the dermis: Meisners corpuscle for light touch Pacinian corpuscles for deep pressure Naked nerve endings for pain and light touch

Corpuscles of Ruffini for heat

End of bulb of Krause for cold

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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- Made up of loose, connective tissue located below the dermis

- Composed of fat-rich cells - Acts as shock absorbers - Provides insulation to conserve body heat

The Epidermis

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Organ Systems

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity (toward the back)
- Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal

- The brain is in the cranial cavity, and

- The spinal cord is in the vertebral canal

Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided by the diaphragm into

- The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) and - The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs)

- The pelvic cavity

Mammalian Body Cavities

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Homeostasis

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis The digestive system - Takes in and digests food - Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used nutrients The respiratory system - Adds oxygen to the blood - Removes carbon dioxide The liver and the kidneys - Store excess glucose as glycogen - Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose used - The hormone insulin regulates glycogen storage The kidneys - Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and salts

Negative Feedback

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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Homeostatic Control
Partially controlled by hormones Ultimately controlled by the nervous system
Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set value
Sensor detects change in environment
Regulatory Center activates an effector Effector reverses the changes

Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Simple

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Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Complex

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Regulation of Body Temperature

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Positive Feedback

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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During positive feedback, an event increases the likelihood of another event

Childbirth Process Urge to urinate

Positive Feedback
Does not result in equilibrium Does not occur as often as negative feedback

Ending Slide Chapter 33

Animal Organization & Homeostasis