Adaptive Equalizer

If any signal x(t) is multiplied by a constant k or delayed by an

amount t
d
then the resultant signal becomes kx(t-t
d
). Such
distortion is called linear distortion and linear distortion is curable
in communication system. For a linear distortion channel of fig.1,
y(t)= kx(t-t
d
). Taking Fourier transform,
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
). ( ) (
f X f H f X ke f Y
e f kX f Y
d
d
t j
t j
= =
=

e
e
Linear
Distortion
Channel
x(t)
y(t)
Fig.1 Linear Distortion Channel
The transfer function of the channel,
) (
) ( ) (
f i t j
e f H ke f H
d
u e
= =

where is called amplitude response need to be constant
over the entire BW of the input signal and is the phase
response need to be linear function of frequency over the entire
BW of the input signal for recovery transmitted symbol.
) ( f H
) ( f u
Communication
Channel, H
c
(f)
x(t)
y(t)

Equalizer, H
eq
(f)
Fig.2 Equalizer in cascade with the channel
In presence of distorting channel of transfer function Hc(f),
received signal can be made distortion less incorporating a
filter known as equalized at the receiving end like fig.2 when
the overall transfer function of the system becomes,
d
t j
eq c
ke f H f H
e
= ) ( ) (
(1)
For the tapped delay FIR filter,
y(t)= C
-N
x(t) + C
-N+1
x(t-) + C
-N+2
x(t-2)+ +C
0
x(t-N)+
+ C
N
x(t-2N)
C
-N+1



x(t)

C
-N+2



C
0

..

..


C
N

..

..

y(t)

x(t- )

x(t- 2)

x(t- 2N)

C
-N

et
et et et
N j
N
jN j
N
j
N N
e f X C
e f X C e f X C e f X C f X C f Y
2
0
2
2 1
) ( ... ... ...
) ( ... ... ... ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

+
+ +
+ + + + =
( ) ) ( ... ... ... ... ... ... ) (
2
0
2
2 1
f X e C e C e C e C C f Y
N j
N
jN j
N
j
N N
et et et et
+

+
+ + + + + + =
( )
et et et et N j
N
jN j
N
j
N N
e C e C e C e C C
f X
f Y
2
0
2
2 1
... ... ... ... ... ...
) (
) (

+

+
+ + + + + + =
( )
et et et et N j
N
jN j
N
j
N N eq
e C e C e C e C C f H
2
0
2
2 1
... ... ... ... ... ... ) (

+

+
+ + + + + + =
( )
et et et et et jN
N
N j
N
N j
N
jN
N
jN
eq
e C C e C e C e C e f H

+

+ + + + + + = ... ... ... ... ... ... ) (

0
) 2 (
2
) 1 (
1

=

=
N
N n
jn
n
jN
eq
e C e f H
et et
) (
(2)
If equation (1) can be satisfied adjusting the number of delay
blocks and weighting factors of (2) then distortion at receiving end
can be eliminated.




Reflector
Radio tower
k
1
x(t-t
1
) k
2
x(t-t
2
)
Here, y(t)=k
1
x(t-t
1
)+k
2
x(t-t
2
)
Example-1
The received signal of multi-path propagation is, y(t)=k
1
x(t-t
1
) +
k2x(t-t
2
); determine weighting factors of 2 tapped delay equalizer
for distortion less received signal.
2 1
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
t j t j
e f X k e f X k f Y
e e
+ =
2 1
2 1
) (
) (
) (
t j t j
c
e k e k f H
f X
f Y
e e
+ = =
( )
0 1
1 ) (
1
t j t j
c
ke e k f H
e e
+ =
; where k=k
2
/k
1
and t
0
=t
2
-t
1


1
1
) ( ) (
t j
c eq
e k f H f H
e
=
) (
) (
1
1
f H
e k
f H
c
t j
eq
e
=
( ) ( )
0 0 1
1
1
1
1
) (
1
1
t j t j t j
t j
eq
ke ke e k
e k
f H
e e e
e

+
=
+
=
... ... ... 1 ) (
0 0
2 2
+ =
t j t j
eq
e k ke f H
e e
0 0
2 2
1 ) (
t j t j
eq
e k ke f H
e e
+ ~
Therefore C
-1
=1, C
0
= - k and C
1
= k
2

Zero-Forcing Equalizer and ISI
Taking inverse Fourier transform of,

=

=
N
N n
fn j
n
jN
eq
e C e f H
t t et 2
) (

=
N
N n
n
jN
eq
n t C e t h ) ( ) ( t o
et
For input signal x(t) the equalized output,

= =
N
N n
n
jN
eq
n t x C e t h t x t y ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( t
et
Taking absolute value of signal,

=
=
N
N n
n
n t x C t y ) ( ) ( t
In zero forcing condition y(t) is samples at t=mT and a condition,

=
=
= =

=
N m
m
n mT x C mT y
N
N n
n
, ... , 2 , 1 ; 0
0 ; 1
) ( ) ( t
Taking T = = 1,

=
=
N
N n
n
n m x C m y ) ( ) (
We may expressed the relation of {y(m)}, {x(m)} and {Cn} in
matrix form like, y = xc; where
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
+

=
) ( 0 0 0 0
) 1 ( ) ( 0 0 0
) ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) (
0 0 0 ) ( ) 1 (
0 0 0 0 ) (
N x
N x N x
N x N x N x N x N x
N x N x
N x

x
The dimension of
the matrix x is
4N+1 2N+1
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
) 2 (
) 0 (
) 2 (
N y
y
N y

y
; 4N+1 1
(
(
(
(
(
(

N
N
c
c
c

0
c
2N+1 1
The same job can be done using adaptive algorithm of minimum
mean square error (MSE). In this case the weighting vector,
xy xx
R R c
1
=
;where called autocorrelation matrix and called
cross-correlation vector.
x x R
T
=
xx
y x R
T
=
xy
Example-1
Consider a an equalizer of 7 taps and a received distorted set of pulse
samples {x(m)}, with values {0.0108, -0.0558, 0.1617, 1.000, -
0.1749, 0.0227, 0.0110. Find the value of the weights {Cn} that will
minimize ISI. What is the largest magnitude sample contributing to
ISI and what is the sum of all ISI magnitude.
For 7 tap filter N=3 and the dimension of x matrix is 4N+1
2N+1=137. The MATLAB code for the solution is given below.
0.0110 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0227 0.0110 0 0 0 0 0
-0.1749 0.0227 0.0110 0 0 0 0
1.000 -0.1749 0.0227 0.0110 0 0 0
0.1617 1.000 -0.1749 0.0227 0.0110 0 0
-0.0558 0.1617 1.000 -0.1749 0.0227 0.0110 0
0.0108 -0.0558 0.1617 1.000 -0.1749 0.0227 0.0110
0 0.0108 -0.0558 0.1617 1.000 -0.1749 0.0227
0 0 0.0108 -0.0558 0.1617 1.000 -0.1749
0 0 0 0.0108 -0.0558 0.1617 1.000
0 0 0 0 0.0108 -0.0558 0.1617
0 0 0 0 0 0.0108 -0.0558
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0108
y = [0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0]
T

The auto-correlation matrix,
Rxx =
1.0606 -0.0265 -0.0616 0.0352 -0.0014 -0.0004 0.0001
-0.0265 1.0606 -0.0265 -0.0616 0.0352 -0.0014 -0.0004
-0.0616 -0.0265 1.0606 -0.0265 -0.0616 0.0352 -0.0014
0.0352 -0.0616 -0.0265 1.0606 -0.0265 -0.0616 0.0352
-0.0014 0.0352 -0.0616 -0.0265 1.0606 -0.0265 -0.0616
-0.0004 -0.0014 0.0352 -0.0616 -0.0265 1.0606 -0.0265
0.0001 -0.0004 -0.0014 0.0352 -0.0616 -0.0265 1.0606
The cross-correlation vector,
Rxy =
0.0108
-0.0558
0.1617
1.0000
-0.1749
0.0227
0.0110
The weighting vector,
C =
-0.0116
0.0108
0.1659
0.9495
-0.1318
0.0670
-0.0269
The output samples of the equalizer,
y =
-0.0001
-0.0001
0.0041
0.0007
0.0000
-0.0000
0.9999
0.0003
-0.0007
0.0015
-0.0095
0.0022
-0.0003
From the vector y, the largest magnitude sample contributing to
ISI equals 0.0095.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
m
x
(
m
)
,
y
(
m
)


output of the equalizer
input of the equalizer