PESTICIDE TYPE, APPLICATION & HAZARDS MANAGEMENT

Submitted to: Submitted by: Sir Ikhlaque Safia Ahmed

Q:

Q: Q:

what is pest & pesticide? Discuss their characteristics, scope, and their physical and chemical properties. what are the groups of pesticide? define and discuss about mode of action of pesticide.

PEST
Definition: pest which means any injurious, noxious or troublsome insect, fungus, bacterial organism, virus, weed or other organism that disturbs the organic function of plant or crop. a pest is an organism with characteristic that people see as damaging or unwanted, as it harms agriculture through feeding on crops or parasitizing the livestock.

Pesticide
Definition of pesticide by EPA: A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.

FAO has defined the term pesticide as: Any substance or mixture of substance intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted specie of plants or animal causing harm during or otherwise interfering with production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food, agricultural commodity commodities or substances which may be administered to animal for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or other bodies.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PESTICIDE
The pesticide should be economical and easy to use. It should be target specific and kill the harmful insect selectively. It should not be toxic to human beings. It should be easily degradable. The pesticide should be highly soluble in water and dissolve easily. The pesticide should have quick action. It should not be phytotoxic.

 The pesticide should be stable so that when mixed with other compound it do not undergo any chemical change. The pesticide should have the ability to penetrate and concentrate at the site of action. The pesticide should be odorless and non repellant to the pest.

Physical properties of pesticide

Vapor pressure Composition Molecular weight & form Solubility volatility

Chemical properties of pesticide

Oxidation reaction of pesticide Reduction reaction of pesticide Hydrolysis reaction of pesticide Photodegradation of pesticide Biodegradation of pesticide

Scope of pesticide

Groups of pesticide based on chemical and biological composition

pesticide

Botanical pesticide
Nicotine sulphate Neem and darek rotenone

Inorganic pesticide

Synthetic pesticide
Organochlorinated hydrocarbons Organophosphates Carbamate Synthetic pyrethroids

Bio pesticide
Microbial pesticide

Groups of pesticide according to pest

Acaricide Algicide Arboricide Avicide Bactericide Herbicide Molluscide Rodenticide Fungicide herbicide

Mode of action of pesticide

Mode of action refers to specific biochemical reaction or interaction through which a pesticide produces its effect. Mode of action refers to the biological process of pest which is interrupted by the pesticide. Mode of action is integral to improve the quality and sustainability of pesticide.

Various mode of action

Pesticide generally attack the insect by three major modes: a) nervous system b) growth & development process c) energy production & metabolism process
The different mode of action are:

Cholinesterase inhibitor Acetylcholine receptor stimulation Chloride channel regulation Sodium channel modulator Chitin synthesis inhibitor Electron transport inhibitor