Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Based on: J.M. Carrasco, J.T Bialasiewicz, et al:Power-Electronic Carrasco, Bialasiewicz, al:PowerSystems for the Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey, Survey, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 53, NO. 4, AUGUST 2006. 2006.
Outline
New trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and photovoltaic Review of the appropriate storage-system technology Future trends in renewable energy systems based on reliability and maturity
Introduction
Increasing number of renewable energy sources and distributed generators New strategies for the operation and management of the electricity grid Improve the power-supply reliability and quality Liberalization of the grids leads to new management structures
Power-electronics technology
Plays an important role in distributed generation Integration of renewable energy sources into the electrical grid Fast evolution, due to: a. development of fast semiconductor switches b. introduction of real-time controllers
Outline (detailed)
1. Current technology and future trends in variable-speed wind turbines 2. Power-conditioning systems used in gridconnected photovoltaic (PV) 3. Research and development trends in energy-storage systems
DFIG
http://www.windsimulators.co.uk/images/DFIG.gif
ENERCON
multipole synchronous generator reduced losses lower costs increased reliability
http://www.wwindea.org/technology/ch01/imgs/1_2_3_2_img1.jpg
Full converter
Energy storage
Energy Transfer Control of the active and reactive powers total-harmonicdistortion control
step-up chopper is used to adapt the rectifier voltage to the dc-link voltage of the inverter.
Semiconductor-Device Technology
Power semiconductor devices with better electrical characteristics and lower prices Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is main component for power electronics
Requirements
IEC Standard IEC-61400-21 IEC-614001. Flicker analysis 2. Switching operations. Voltage and current transients 3. Harmonic analysis (FFT) - rectangular windows of eight cycles of fundamental frequency. THD up to 50th harmonic
Other Standards
High-frequency (HF) according to the IEC harmonics and 61000-4-7 interharmonics IEC switching frequency of 61000-4-7 and IEC the inverter is not 61000-3-6 constant methods for summing Can be not multiple of harmonics and 50 Hz interharmonics in the IEC 61000-3-6 To obtain a correct magnitude of the frequency components, define window width,
HVAC
Disadvantages: High distributed capacitance of cables Limited length
HVDC
More economic > 100 km and power 200-900 MW 2001) Sending and receiving end frequencies are independent. 2) Transmission distance using dc is not affected by cable charging current. 3) Offshore installation is isolated from mainland disturbances 4) Power flow is fully defined and controllable. 5) Cable power losses are low. 6) Power-transmission capability per cable is higher.
HVDC LCC-based
HVDC Light HVDC Plus Several advantages- flexible power control, no reactive power compensation,
Comparison
http://hermes.eee.nott.ac.uk/teaching/h5cpe2/
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 Amplitude 0.2 0
1 0.8
0.6 0.4 Amplitude 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 0.005 0.01 Time /s 0.015 0.02
PV Photovoltaic Technology
PV systems as an alternative energy resource Complementary Energy-resource in hybrid systems Necessary: Necessary: high reliability reasonable cost user-friendly design
PV-module connections
The standards EN61000-3-2, IEEE1547, U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC) 690 IEC61727 power quality, detection of islanding operation, grounding structure and the features of the present and future PV modules.
IEC 61000-3-2
Islanding
PV Generator
Converter AC-DC
Local Loads
Grid
Market Considerations PV
Solar-electric-energy growth consistently 20%25% per annum over the past 20 years
PV growth
2001, 350 MW of solar equipment was sold 2003, 574 MW of PV was installed. In 2004 increased to 927 MW Significant financial incentives in Japan, Germany, Italy and France triggered a huge growth in demand In 2008, Spain installed 45% of all photovoltaics, 2500 MW in 2008 to an drop to 375 MW in 2009
Perspectives
World solar photovoltaic (PV) installations were 2.826 gigawatts peak (GWp) in 2007, and 5.95 gigawatts in 2008 The three leading countries (Germany, Japan and the US) represent nearly 89% of the total worldwide PV installed capacity. 2012 are and 12.3GW- 18.8GW expected
Efficiency
Market leader in solar panel efficiency (measured by energy conversion ratio) is SunPower, (San Jose USA) - 23.4% market average of 12-18%. Efficiency of 42% achieved at the University of Delaware in conjunction with DuPont (concentration) in 2007. The highest efficiency achieved without concentration is by Sharp Corporation at 35.8% using a proprietary triple-junction manufacturing technology in 2009.
Design of PV-Converters
IGBT technology Inverters must be able to detect an islanding situation and take appropriate measures in order to protect persons and equipment PV cells - connected to the grid PV cells - isolated power supplies
Converter topologies
Central inverters Module-oriented or module-integrated inverters String inverters
Multistring converter
Integration of PV strings of different technologies and orientations
Review of PV Converters
S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, F.Blaabjerg A Review of Single-Phase GridConnected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 41, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2005
Demands Defined by the Grid - standards (slide 37) EN standard (applied in Europe) allows higher current harmonics the corresponding IEEE and IEC standards.
Islanding
Islanding is the continued operation of the inverter when the grid has been removed on purpose, by accident, or by damage Detection schemes - active and passive. 1. The passive methods -monitor grid parameters. 2. The active schemes introduce a disturbance into the grid and monitor the effect.
Voltage in the range from 23 to 38 V at a power generation of approximate 160 W, and their open-circuit voltage is below 45 V. New technolgies - voltage range around 0.5 -1.0 V at several hundred amperes per square meter cell
Cost
Cost effectiveness using similar circuits as in single-phase power-factor-correction (PFC) circuits variable-speed drives (VSDs)
High efficiency
wide range of input voltage and input power very wide ranges as functions of solar irradiation and ambient temperature.
Meteorological data
. (a) Irradiation distribution for a reference year. (b) Solar energy distribution for a reference year. Total time of irradiation equals 4686 h per year. Total potential energy is equal to 1150 kWh=(m2 year) 130 W/m2
Reliability
long operational lifetime most PV module manufacturer offer a warranty of 25 years on 80% of initial efficiency The main limiting components inside the inverters are the electrolytic capacitors used for power decoupling between the PV module and the single-phase grid
Topologies of PV inverters
Centralized Inverters String Inverters Multi-string Inverters AC modules & AC cell technology
Centralized Inverters
PV modules as series connections (a string) series connections then connected in parallel, through string diodes Disadvantages !
String Inverters
Reduced version of the centralized inverter single string of PV modules is connected to the inverter no losses on string diodes separate MPPTs increases the overall efficiency
AC module
inverter and PV module as one electrical device No mismatch losses between PV modules Optimal adjustment of MPPT high voltageamplification necessary
Future topologies
Multi-String Inverters AC Modules AC Cells
Multi-string Inverters
Flexible Every string can be controlled individually.
AC cell
One large PV cell connected to a dcac inverter Very low voltage New converter concepts
Power Decoupling
Capacitors
Voltage-Source Inverters
standard full-bridge three-level VSI
VSI
Half-bridge diode-clamped three-level VSI
AC Modules
1. 100-W single-transistor flyback-type HFlink inverter 100 W, out 230 V, in 48 V, 96%, pf=0,955
AC modules
2. 105-W combined flyback and buckboost inverter 105 W, out 85V, in 35V, THD <5%
AC modules
3. Modified Shimizu Inverter (160W, 230, 28V, 87%)
AC modules
4. 160-W buckboost inverter in 100V out 160V
AC modules
5. 150-W flyback dcdc converter with a line-frequency dcac unfolding inverter in 44V, out 120V
AC modules
6. 100-W flyback dcdc converter with a PWM dcac inverter 30V 210 V
AC modules
110-W series-resonant dcdc converter with an HF inverter toward the grid 30-230V , 87%
AC modules
dual-stage topology Mastervolt Soladin 120 in 24-40V, out 230V, 91%, pf=0,99
String Inverters
Single-stage Dual-stage
String Inverter
a transformerless half-bridge diodeclamped three-level inverter
String Inverter
two-level VSI, interfacing two PV strings
Results
Dual-stage CSI = large electrolytic decoupling capacitor
Results - Efficiency
Low efficiency=87% C=68 QF 160V
Resume PV Inverters
Large centralized single-stage inverters should be avoided Preferable location for the capacitor is in the dc link where the voltage is high and a large fluctuation can be allowed without compromising the utilization factor HFTs should be applied for voltage amplification in the AC module and AC cell concepts Line-frequency CSI are suitable for low power, e.g., for ac module applications. High-frequency VSI is also suitable for both lowand high-power systems, like the ac module, the string, and the multistring inverters
HF dc/dc converter
full-bridge single-inductor pushpull double-inductor pushpull
Another classification
number of cascade power processing stages -single-stage -- dual-stage -----multi-stage There is no any standard PV inverter topology
Future
very efficient PV cells roofing PV systems PV modules in high building structures
Future trends
PV systems without transformers minimize the cost of the total system cost reduction per inverter watt -make PVgenerated power more attractive AC modules implement MPPT for PV modules improving the total system efficiency plug and play systems
Research
MPPT control THD improvements reduction of current or voltage ripple
STORAGE
Flywheel-energy-storage
low-speed flywheels (< 6000 r/min) with steel rotors and conventional bearings modern high-speed flywheel systems (to 60 000 r/min) advanced composite wheels ultralow friction bearing assemblies, such as magnetic bearings
Applications of flywheels
Research
Experimental alternatives for wind farms =flywheel connected to the dc link Control strategy = regulate the dc voltage against the input power surges/sags or sudden changes in the load demand Similar approach applied to PV systems, wave energy D-static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) Frequency control using distributed flywheels
Hydrogen-storage systems
Storable transportable, highly versatile efficient clean energy carrier
Hydrogen technology
Storage
compressed or liquefied gas by using metal hydrides or carbon nanotubes
Technologies
Supercapacitors
350 to 2700 F at of 2 V. modules 200 -to 400 V long life cycle suitable for short discharge applications <100 kW.
Battery Storage
Several types of batteries Discharge rate limited by chemistry
Conclusions
power-electronic technology plays a very important role in the integration of renewable energy sources optimize the energy conversion and transmission control reactive power minimize harmonic distortion to achieve at a low cost a high efficiency over a wide power range
Conclusions
Achieve a high reliability tolerance to the failure of a subsystem component. common and future trends for renewable energy systems have been described. Wind energy is the most advanced technology Regulations favor the increasing number of wind farms. The trend of the PV energy leads to consider that it will be an interesting alternative in the near future