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Almost certain - The Event is to be expected to occur in most circumstances - incident could happen daily to weekly Likely - The Event will probably occur in most circumstances - Incident could happen weekly to monthly Moderate - The Event should occur at some time Incident could happen monthly to yearly Unlikely - The Event may occur only in exceptional circumstances
Consequences
Minor Medium Serious First Aid Treatment Off-site medical treatment required Serious injury/illness
Major
Permanent disability > 2 people seriously injured Fatality / Death Potential /actual breach of legal requirements
Importance Criteria
Consequences
Likelihood Almost Certain Likely Moderate
Minor
M L L
Medium M M L
Serious H
Major H H H
H
M
Unlikely
RISK RANKING
To determine the level of risk you must combine the likelihood of a hazard occurring with its severity.
RISK = Likelihood x Severity
There are many different methods used to determine severity and likelihood. The system adopted for this course is patterned after the Lickert Scale which has five levels.
LIKELIHOOD Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost certain SEVERITY Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
MEASURES OF LIKELIHOOD - 1
Level
1 2 3 4 5
Descriptor
Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost Certain
MEASURES OF LIKELIHOOD - 2
Level
1 2 3 4 5
Descriptor
Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost Certain
MEASURES OF SEVERITY - 1
Level
1 2
Descriptor
Insignificant Minor
Moderate
Major
Catastrophic
MEASURES OF SEVERITY - 2
Level Descriptor
1 2 3 4 5 Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Example Detailed Description Equivalent to less than 1% of annual EBIT Between 1% and 5% of annual EBIT Between 5% and 10% of annual EBIT Between 10% and 25% of annual EBIT Greater than 25% of annual EBIT
M H E
Low Risk considered acceptable. No further action of RCMs are necessary Moderate Risk relatively acceptable. However, further RCMs should be considered and existing RCMs should be monitored High Risk unacceptable level of risk. RCMs must be developed and implemented in short to medium term Extreme Risk unacceptable level of risk. RCMs must be immediately implemented or the risk eliminated (i.e case activity)
CONSEQUENCE
S E V E R I T Y
INCREASING PROBABILITY
1 2
Heard of Incident in Industry
3
Incident has occurred in our Industry
4
Happens Several Time Per Year in Industry
5
Happens Several Time Per Year in Location
People
Assets
Environment
Reputation
0 1
No Injury Slight Injury Minor Injury Major Injury Single Fatality Multiple Fatalities
No Impact
Slight Impact Minor Impact Localized Impact Major Impact Massive Impact
No Impact
Slight Impact Limited Impact Considerable Impact Major National Major International
3 4 5
Local Damage
Major Damage Extensive Damage
MANAGE FOR CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT is an area where the risk is low and the existing H & S arrangements is adequate INCORPORATE RISK REDUCTION MEASURES where the frequency and severity is fairly high and warrant specific risk reduction measures, such as the use of procedures for controlling the risk or making hardware improvement INTOLERABLE where the number of incidents and the severity are clearly intolerable and warrant a H & S Case
Low (Manage for improvement whereby risk reduction is not normally undertaken) 5 - 12 Medium (Incorporate risk reduction measure to demonstrate ALARP) 13 - 25 High (Intolerable and needs changes to designs and procedures)
0-4
LIKELIHOOD (PROBABILITY)
A B C D E F
Never Occurred in the company 0 No injury/ Illness Slight Injury/ Illness Zero Impact Slight Impact Zero Damage Slight Damage Zero Damage No Effect
Occurred more than once a year but not monthly in the company
Slight Damage
Slight Effect
Blue
Blue
Minor Impact
Local Impact Major Impact Massive Impact
Minor Damage
Local Damage Major Damage Extensive Damage
Minor Damage
Limited Effect
Blue Blue
Blue
Blue
Blue
Yellow
Local Damage Local Effect Major Damage Extensive Damage National Effect Internatio nal Effect
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Red
Blue
Yellow
Yellow
Red
Red
Red
Fatality
Yellow
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
LIKELIHOOD/ PROBABILITY DEFINITION ABHazard has never occurred in the company Hazard has occurred once in the company
CDEF-
Hazard has occurred more than once but not yearly in the company
Hazard has occurred more than once a year in the company Hazard has occurred more than once a month in the company Hazard occurs under normal condition
HARM TO PEOPLE
No injury or damage to health - Discomfort not more than half day, no effect in the work performance. Slight Injury or Illness (including first aid case) No lost time injury; discomfort lasts not more than a day but not affecting work performance. Extent of impact is limited to the immediate operator. Minor Injury or Illness (Lost Time Injury) Injury or illness affecting work performance such as restriction to activities or a need to take a few days (less than 1 month) to fully recover, e.g., skin irritation, temporary hearing loss, food poisoning bacteria, carpal tunnel syndrome, etc. Extent of impact is confined to the work area only. Serious Injury or Illness (including Permanent Partial Disability and Occupational Illness) Affecting work performance in the longer term, such as a prolonged absence from work (one month but not more than 3 months, e.g., permanent hearing loss, chronic back injuries, sensitization, hand/ arm vibration syndrome, repetitive strain injury. Extent of impact is confined within the companys premises. Permanent Total Disability Affect work performance totally (major disability rendering victim not capable to perform usual or similar work), i.e., sterility, loss of both arms/ legs, etc. Extent of impact extends outside the companys premises but not more than 500 meters. Fatality (Single to Multiple) Agents are capable to cause fatalities e.g. chemicals with deadly toxic effects to human beings. Extent of impact extends outside the companys premises more than 500 meters.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Discharges/ Releases
Zero impact Discharge/ release is causing no physical changes or alteration to the environment - zero extent or negligible impact to air, water and land Slight impact Discharge/ Release causing physical changes/ alteration to the environment but causing no harm or environmental damage, i.e., repulsive odor, change in color, texture, etc. Mitigation not required or mitigation cost is negligible. Cost of mitigating the effect is not more than PhP10, 000. Discharge/ Release is within the fence and/ or within a designated work area. Minor impact Discharge/ Release causing minor environmental damage, but will not cause adverse effects on the current use. Discharge/ Release extends outside the fence and/ or outside the designated work area. Cost of mitigating the damage is not more than PhP100, 000. Agents are non-regulated substances. Local impact Discharge/ Release extends outside the fence and/ or outside the designated work area. Discharge/ release causing environmental damage that could affect the neighborhood but will not result to interference in their day-to-day activities, Discharges/ Release could cause minor irritation, illness or injury among community members. Cost of mitigating the damage is more than PhP100, 000 but not more than PhP1, 000,000. Discharge/ release with known pollutive substances (regulated pollutants), i.e., ODS, COx, NOx, SOx, particulates, BOD, COD, TSS, oil and grease, etc Major impact Discharge/ Release extends outside the fence and/ or outside the designated work area, causing severe environmental damage resulting to occasional stoppage of activities in the plant and/ or certain sector of the community, damage livelihood of the community, i.e., fish kill, crop damage, The company is required to take extensive measures to restore the damaged environment. Discharge/ Release resulting to breaches of statutory or prescribed limits, or complaints from external interested parties. Cost of mitigation is more than PhP 1,000,000 but not higher than PhP5, 000,000 Massive impact Discharge/ Release extends outside the fence and/ or outside the designated work area, causing persistent severe environmental damage or severe nuisance extending over a large area, resulting to complete stoppage of activities in the plant and/ or certain sector of the community, immediate danger on the lives of people in the community. Damage could not be reversed within a year, i.e., loss of commercial, recreational use or nature conservancy. Extended breaches of statutory or prescribed limits (e.g., wastewater, air emission, etc). Cost of mitigation is more than PhP5, 000,000
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Resource Depletion (applicable only to resource usage)
0 No impact - Goods or material is from natural resource, readily renewable and available, but of no or low commercial value. Slight impact - Goods or material is man-made, synthetic or by-product; non-dangerous/ hazardous; readily available and is over the counter purchase Minor impact - Goods or materials is man-made, synthetic or by-product, non-dangerous/ hazardous; supply or access is not regulated but requiring safe handling, storage and use; customer-supplied materials; goods or materials from renewable resource but of high commercial value- paper, cartons, etc Local impact - Goods or material comes from non-renewable natural resource and supply or access is getting scarce, e.g. fuel oil, coal, metal/ mineral deposits, water, springs Major impact - Supply or access is regulated but the required permit, license, certificate, prescription, reports, or specification with the installations for the supply or access to the goods or materials are being complied with Massive impact - Supply or access is regulated and the required permit, license, certificate, prescription, reports, or specification with the installations for the supply or access to the goods or materials are not being complied with
OPERATIONAL LOSS (Philippine Peso) Zero Damage No disruption or loss in the operation Slight damage Negligible disruption in the operation, cost is less than 10,000 Minor damage Brief disruption, cost is less than 100,000 Local damage Partial shutdown in the operation, cost is less than 500,000. Major damage Total shutdown in the operation, cost is less than 1,000,000.
Extensive damage Total shutdown in the operation for days (cost is in excess of 1,000,000)
Business Risk
Legal (L) Image (I) Cost PhP (C) Procedural (P) Occurrence (O)
ESH Risk
Detection (D) Impact (I) Man Environment Eco-system Environment
Non-compliance which may cause permanent closure, CDO, suspension of operations, and criminal and administrative sanctions
Non-compliance to regulatory standards which may cause warning or closure or penalty
Global
Above 2 million
Daily
No monitoring
Death
National
1,500,001 to 2,000,000
Weekly
Annual
Major injury/ Permanent Disability or sickness/ Loss of limbs Minor injury. Temporary disability
Non-compliance to regulatory standards which may cause warning or reminder from regulatory bodies to address non-compliance immediately Non-compliance to future law or to company set standards.
Regional (NCR)
1,000,001 to 1,500,000
With procedure but needs major revision. Practice needs documentation With procedure, needs minor revision With implemented procedure
Once-amonth
Quarterly to Semi-annual
Local (Barangay)
Monthly
Slight repairable
Always compliant
On-line to weekly
No effect
No-effect
Atmospheric Emissions
Effluent Discharges
Water Consumption
Noise Generation
List of Operation/ Process that may have Potential Impact on the Environment
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Construction Demolition Cooling Water System HVAC Systems Machine Shop Operations Mechanical Assembly Operations Parts Washing and Cleaning Operation Lighting and Alarm System Maintenance (bulbs/ batteries/ ballasts) 9. Painting Operations
10. Pest Control Operations 11. Petroleum/ Fuel Bulk Storage 12. Waste Storage and Processing 13. Transport of Hazardous Materials 14. Waste Storage and Processing 15. Utilities (water/ sewage/ electric. etc.)