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INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Energy Sources on our planet and how we harness those sources through technology.

Over View

Renewable Energy - Focus Technologies

and history of Development.


Present applications using Renewable

Energy sources in the Sultante of Oman


Some Examples.

Questions

OVER VIEW

APPEAL: Childrens environmental demands to world Leaders. We want to inherit a clean earth. Why shouldnt we be allowed to live as you did when you were little? Play in fresh forests, fish in any water, drink clean water from the river. Life is more important than money.

We must find energy that does not pollute. Spend more money on research.

OUR SUN

The Sun is responsible for nearly all the energy on earth


except for moon tides radioactive material and the earths internal heat.

The sun is a fusion reactor delivering 1.52 x 1018


KWh / year to earth. All mankind's energy needs total
less than 0.1% of this amount.

Enough sun light falls on the earths surface each


minute to meet world energy demand for an entire year.

ENERGY MEASUREMENTS : Amperes measure electrical current

Volts measure electrical pressure Watts measure electrical power (V x A)

A Kilo Watt (kW) is one thousand watts.


A mega Watt (MW) is one million watts or one thousand

kWs.
A giga Watt (GW) is one billion watts or one thousand

MWs. A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is one thousand Watt-hours and is the unit used on your electric bill. An average house hold typically uses 700 kWh each month or about 8500 kWh each year.

TRADITIONAL ENERGY

Percentage of Energy consumption in US by energy sources: 1990 OIL Natural Gas Coal Renewable Nuclear 39.7% 22.7% 22.4% 7.9% 7.3% 1992 39.4% 23.6% 22.1% 6.9% 7.7%

Fossil fuels like Coal, Oil and Natural gas are being depleted at a rate that is 100,000 times faster than they are being formed. Most electricity is currently produced by burning Coal, Oil or Natural gas to make steam which in turn is forced through a turbine generator producing electricity.

If California was a nation on its own, it would be the worlds fourth largest consumer of energy. Japan imports 70% of its energy from the Middle East

Renewable Energy Technologies

Renewable energy includes those forms of energy that we can not deplete or that are quick to regenerate and include Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Hydro, Bio fuels, Ocean energy and hydrogen power. In 1994, renewables supplied 18% of energy demand world wide and approximately 8% in the US (mostly hydro electric).
Solar Power ranging from the heat of each day to Solar electric conversion technologies comes directly from the suns rays. We typically include Solar Photovoltaic (Electric), Solar Thermal and Solar Heating, cooling and Lighting (Active and Passive).

Wind Power is the result of uneven warming of our atmosphere thanks to the Sun, causing rising and circulating air currents. Hydropower harnesses falling water, usually in rivers, that is continuously lifted through evaporation and transpiration and dropped from cooler air as it rises. This hydraulic cycle is powered by our Sun.

Biomass, such as Coal or Oil, strores its energy thanks to the chemical combining of CO2 and water in the presence of sunlight - photosynthesis.

PHOTOVOLTAICS

Solar electric or Photovoltaic Systems convert some of the energy in sunlight directly into electricity. Phtovoltaic (PV) cells are made primarily of silicon, the second most abundant element in the earths crust and the same semiconductor material used for computers. When the silicon is combined with one or more other materials, it exhibits unique electrical properties in the presence of sunlight. Electrons are excited by the light and move through the silicon. This is known as phtovoltaic effect and results in direct current (DC) electricity. PV modules have no moving parts, are virtually maintenance free and have working life of 20 to 30 years.

Three Categories of PV Systems :

Crystalline Silicon : Flat plate collectors include both single crystal silicon and poly crystalline silicon. Thin Film : Modules are inherently cheaper to produce than crystalline but are not as efficient. They are produced by depositing a thin layer of PV material to a substrate like glass or metal. This group includes amorphous silicon like the kind found in calculators and watches. Concentrators : Use much less of a specialized phtovoltaic material and employ a lens or reflectors to concentrate sunlight on the PV cells and increase its output. They can only use direct sun, so they must track the Sun precisely and do not work when it is cloudy.

History of PV :

1839 : Edmund Becquerel, a French physicist observed the phtovoltaic effect. 1880 : Selenium PV cell was built - 1%to 2% efficiency - Light sensors for cameras are still made from selenium today. 1950 : Production of pure crystalline silicon 1954 : BELL Telephone Labs produced silicon PV cell with 4% efficiency and later achieved 11% efficiency. 1958 : The US Vanguard Space Satellite used a small (less than one watt) array to power its radio. The space program has played an important role in the development of PV ever since.

1973-74 : Oil embargo has initiated US Department of Energy funding of Federal Photovoltaic utilization program, resulting in the installation and testing of 3,100 terrestrial PV systems. International markets for solar take off in the mid 1990s.

At present the cost of PV electricity is very high and is


not commercially viable where grid power is available at a shorter distance.

WIND POWER

Wind Turbines are moved by wind and convert this kinetic energy directly into electricity by spinning a generator. They use air foils or blades like the wing of an airplane to turn a central hub which is connected through a series of gears (transmission) to an electric generator. Wind Turbines come in two basic configurations: Horizontal Axis Turbines are the most common type seen sitting on top of towers with two or three blades.
Vertical Axis Turbines have vertical drive shafts. The

blades are long, curved and attached to the tower at the top and bottom.

HISTORY

The use of wind energy dates back to the dawn of civilization when sailing vessels were powered by the wind. Windmills, said to be invented in China, were reportedly used in Persia around 200 BC. In 14th century, the Dutch improved on the design that had spread through out the Middle East and continued to use it for its primary purpose of grinding grain. 1854 - Wind powered water pump was introduced in US.

1940 - 6 million were being used mainly for pumping water and generating electricity.

1941 - A 1.25 MW machine is hooked to the Central Vermount Public Service Grid near Rjutland, Vermount. 1942 - Denmark hooked a 200 KW turbine to the utility grid. 1973 - Oil embargo led to many Government sponsored wind turbine development progress. The cost of wind generated power has reduced considerably during the past several years. It is now cost competitive in many electric power applications.

SOLAR THERMAL

Solar Thermal System concentrate heat and transfer it to a fluid. The heat is then used to warm buildings, heat water, generate electricity, dry crops or destroy dangerous waste. Solar Thermal collectors are divided into three categories : Low - temperature collectors : These collectors provides low grade heat (< 43C), through metallic or non-metallic absorbers for applications such as swimming pool heating and low grade water and space heating. Medium - temperature collectors : These collectors provide medium to high grade heat (>45C, usually 60C to 85C) either through glazed flat-plate collectors using air or liquid as the heat through medium or through concentrator collectors that concentrate the heat to levels greater than one sun.

These include evacuated tube collectors and are most commonly used for residential hot water heating. High - Temperature collectors : Parabolic dish or trough collectors primarily used for producing electricity. Concentrating Solar Thermal Systems use three different types of Concentrators : 1) Central receiver system : Use heliostats (high reflective mirrors) that track the sun and focus it on a central receiver. 2) Parabolic Dish system : Use Dish-shaped reflectors to concentrate sunlight on a receiver mounted above the dish at its focal point.

3) Parabolic trough system use parabolic reflectors in a trough configuration to focus sunlight on a tube running the length of the trough.

History of development :

1767 - Swiss scientist Horace de Sausswe has buit the worlds first solar collector . 1830 - Sir John Herschel has used the solar collector for cooking food during his South Africa expedition. 1891 - Mr.Clarence Kemp of USA has patented the first commercial solar water heater. 1908 - William J.Bailey of USA has invented a collector

with all insulated box and copper coils.

1941 - 60,000 units of this design were sold. Rationing of copper during World War II sent the solar water heating market into a sharp decline.

1970s - In response to the OPEL Oil embargo, a number of federal and state incentives were established to promote solar energy.
1985 - Incentives helped to create 150 business manufacturing companies for solar systems with more than $ 800 million annual sales. 1995 - Tax credits & incentives have mostly disappeared

and more than 1-2 million buildings in US have solar


water heating systems and there are 250,000 solar heated swimming pools.

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