Lecture #8

Marine resources

23 August 2007

Lecture schedule
Lecture Date Time

1. Introduction to scientific writing

8/20

9:00-10:20
15:00-16:20 9:00-11:00 13:00-15:00 10:00-11:00

2. How to write a scientific paper in English 8/20 3. Earth structure and plate tectonics 4. Circulation of the atmosphere 5. Water and ocean structure 8/21 8/21 8/22

6. Continental margins and ocean basins

7. Sediment 8. Marine resources 9. Circulation of the ocean

8/22
8/23 8/23 8/24

13:00-15:00
10:00-12:00 13:00-14:00 11:00-12:30

6.6 billion (66 )

http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population/World%20Population%20Growth%20to%202050.JPG

Human population grew by 400% during the 20th century

Population growth

4.5 X increase in economic activity per person

Each human now requires more goods and services so, the demand for Earths resources has grown faster than the population.

Ten most populous countries

1. China
2. India 3. USA 4. Indonesia 5. Brazil 6. Pakistan 7. Bangladesh 8. Nigeria

1.3 billion
1.2 billion 302 million 230 million 187 million 164 million 159 million 159 million

19.8%
17.5% 4.5% 3.5% 2.8% 2.5% 2.4% 2.2%

9. Russia
10. Japan 20. Thailand

142 million
128 million 63 million

2.1%
1.9% 0.9%

Number of people per square kilometer around the world in 1994

% of the worlds population living near the ocean (1995) <25 km 20% <50 km 29% <100 km 39%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Population_density.png

Percentages of the total populations living <100 km from the ocean Russia 15% China 24% Thailand 39% USA 43% Vietnam 83% Japan 96% Philippines 100% South Korea 100%
(PICES, 2004; EarthTrends)

Four types of resources: 1. Physical (nonliving) resources result from the deposition, precipitation, or accumulation of useful substances in the ocean or seabed 2. Living resources animals and plants collected for human use 3. Marine energy resources 4. Nonextractive resources transportation and recreation Renewable resources naturally replaced Nonrenewable resources present in fixed amounts and cannot be replenished over short time spans - oil, gas

The most valuable physical resources from the ocean are:

Hydrocarbon deposits petroleum (crude oil) In each case, terrestrial resources are easier to natural gas obtain and less methane hydrate expensive to develop Mineral deposits (until depletion). sand and gravel magnesium and its compounds manganese nodules phosphorites Fresh water

The oceans most valuable resources are petroleum and natural gas.
Global demand for oil grows >2% per year

increased demand from China and India

Top petroleumconsuming countries 1. USA 2. China 3. Japan 4. Russia 5. Germany

http://archive.wn.com/2006/06/11/1400/thailandenergy/

Much of the petroleum and natural gas comes from the ocean
In 2000, 34% of petroleum and 28% of natural gas came from the seabed About 1/3 of known world reserves of oil and natural gas occur along the continental margins

The deep-sea floor probably has little or no oil or natural gas

Petroleum is almost always associated with marine sediments suggests that it formed from marine material Most geologists think crude oil and natural gas came from compression and heating of ancient organic material

According to this theory, oil is formed from the preserved remains of zooplankton and algae that settled on the sea bottom.

Land plants tend to form coal

If the material was heated too long or at too high a temperature, it turned into methane the main component of natural gas Deep sedimentary layers are older and hotter than shallow ones so they produce more natural gas

few oil deposits below 3 km depth below 7 km, only natural gas Oil is less dense than the surrounding sediment so it can migrate toward the surface it collects in the pore spaces of reservoir rocks

Oil is less dense than the surrounding sediment so it can migrate toward the surface it collects in the pore spaces of reservoir rocks

Drilling for oil offshore is much more expensive than drilling on land. Most marine oil deposits are tapped from offshore platforms in water <100 m deep.

http://www.solarnavigator.net/images/oil_platform_rig_hibernia.jpg

http://www.artdiamondblog.com/images/OilInWaterMap-thumb.gif

 a number of significant recent oil discoveries Thailand's largest natural gas field (Bongkot)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gulf_of_Thailand.svg

The largest known reservoir of hydrocarbons on Earth is not coal or oil it is methane hydrate also called methane clathrate a solid form of water that contains a large amount of methane within its crystal structure large deposits occur at 200-500 m below the seafloor

Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferred offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments.

Even extracting the methane form the sediment and liquefying it for efficient use would be prohibitively dangerous and expensive.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gas_hydrates_1996.jpg

Marine sand and gravel are used in construction. In Japan, about 20% of sand and gravel used comes from the seafloor Largest mining operation is at Ocean Cay in the Bahamas aragonite sand - about 97% CaCO3 used in cement, glass and animal feed

Magnesium
third most abundant element in seawater

it usually precipitates as MgCl2 or MgSO4

about half of magnesium metal production comes from seawater #1 producer is China

used a strong, lightweight material in aircraft and structural applications

Salts are harvested from salt evaporation ponds.

The oceans salinity is about 3.5% When seawater evaporates, the major ions combine to form salts calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

gypsum (CaSO4)
table salt (NaCl)

Seawater is evaporated in salt ponds to recover the salts

Products
Magnesium salts

Used for
aircraft and buildings

Potassium salts
Bromine

chemicals, fertilizers
medicines

Gypsum Sodium chloride

wallboard and other building material table salt, road salt

Salt evaporation pond in San Francisco Bay

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/61/176838905_1d19801271.jpg

Salt evaporation pond in San Francisco Bay

Red color due to algae and other microorganisms

Salt farm near Samut Sakorn, Thailand

http://www.flickr.com/photos/dale_allyn/sets/272092/

Manganese nodules contain concentrations of valuable minerals iron, manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt

http://teachers.sduhsd.net/hherms/herms/ocean/sedimentation/nodules.gif

http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/McGrawHill/Encyclopedia/images/CE403150FG0010.gif

http://geology.uprm.edu/Morelock/8_image/noddst.gif

No commercial mining yet.

Guano droppings of seabirds, bats and seals an effective fertilizer and gunpowder due to its high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen

Guano mining in the Central Chinchua Islands, ca. 1860

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:DSCN5766-guano-glantz_crop_b.jpg

Nauru

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/images/searchtheworld/nauru_map.gif

Phosphate field on Nauru

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Nauru-phosphatefields.jpg

Phosphate field on Nauru

http://www.holon.se/folke/kurs/Nauru/nauru2.jpg

Fresh water can be obtained from desalination.

Only 0.017% of Earth water is liquid, fresh, and near the surface. One of the most important factors for determining how many people can inhabit an area is the availability of potable water. Fresh water is becoming an important marine resource. desalination Middle East West Africa Peru USA (Florida, Texas and California)

Desalination methods: 1) Distillation by boiling expensive 2) Freezing 3) Reverse osmosis requires less energy, but filters are fragile and expensive

http://www.zenon.com/image/resources/glossary/reverse_osmosis/reverse_osmosis.jpg

Desalination plant in Israel

More than 1,500 desalination plants are currently operating worldwide produce a total of about 13.3 billion liters of fresh water per day

Energy from heat or motion of seawater.

The energy crises of 1973 and 1979, and the rise in the cost of crude oil in 2006 focused public attention on alternative energies.

Wind
The fastest-growing alternative to oil as an energy source is wind power.

wind farm

http://msnbcmedia4.msn.com/j/msnbc/1137000/1137737.widec.jpg

Offshore wind farm in Denmark

Hokkaido, Japan

http://homepage3.nifty.com/carib7/photo/h/muroran/wind02.jpg

Hokkaido, Japan

http://www.dbj.go.jp/japanese/environment/finance/project/img/case02.jpg

Energy from waves and currents

Pelamis Wave Energy Converter now being installed off Portugal soon to be installed off Scotland

generator motor
http://www.changingideas.com/Pelamis-Wave-Energy-Converter/wave-graphic.jpg

Ocean currents

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/r enewable/images/tidalturbine.gif

Energy from the oceans vertical thermal gradient

The greatest potential for energy generation lies in exploiting the thermal gradient between warm surface water and cold deep water.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

http://staff.aist.go.jp/masa-amano/otec-m.gif

OTEC plant in Hawaii

Problem: efficiency of OTEC plants is only about 2%

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F:OTEC_in_Hawaii.jpg

Living resources
The oceans most valuable living resources are: fish crustaceans mollusks

Global marine landings by taxa (1950-2003)

90,000,000 tonnes/year
Catches are now declining despite increasingly effort and better equipment.

89% of landings come from EEZs

(Watson and Alder, 2003)

Fishing is big business employs > 15 million people

Todays fisheries are not sustainable.

About 90% of the worldwide stocks of tuna, cod and other large fishes have disappeared in the last 50 years.

Fishers are expending more effort, but are catching fewer fish. Overfishing

Decline of fisheries in the North Atlantic

1900 1950

1975

1999

Fishers sometimes abandon an exhausted fishery to search for a new one

1980s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Orange_roughy.png

Orange roughy

Boom and bust

1990s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Toothfish.jpg

Patagonian toothfish

Jellyfish

http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/Nie/concourt03/kansou1.html

http://www.ssken.co.jp/topics/rensaikiji/020724.jpg

Marine food chain

http://www.seafriends.org.nz/issues/fishing/pauly11.gif http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/FoodChain.jpg

Fish catches in the Gulf of Thailand

Thai-German bilateral project introduced Engel trawls for demersal fish

Pauly and Chuenpagdee, 2003

Catch and relative abundance of demersal resources vs. effort by Gulf of Thailand trawlers

Pauly and Chuenpagdee, 2003

Pauly and Chuenpagdee, 2003

The United Nations formulated the International Law of the Sea

(22.2 km) (370.4 km)
High seas Nations hold sovereignty over resources, economic activity, and environmental protection within their exclusive economic zones.

exclusive economic zone

The exclusive economic zone extends 200 nautical miles from each countrys shore.

about 40% of world ocean under control of coastal countries

Tokdo/Takeshima

Takeshima's location and distance from nearest landfalls.

Tokdo/Takeshima

Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Diaoyutai_senkaku.gif

Senkaku Islands group of uninhabited islands now controlled by Japan also claimed by China and Taiwan total area = 7 km2

Key points:
1. Nonliving resources are useful substances from the ocean or seabed.
2. Energy can be extracted from heat or motion of seawater. 3. Living resources are being harvested from the ocean for human use. 4. The law of the sea governs marine resource allocation.

Lecture schedule
Lecture Date Time

1. Introduction to scientific writing

8/20

9:00-10:20
15:00-16:20 9:00-11:00 13:00-15:00 10:00-11:00

2. How to write a scientific paper in English 8/20 3. Earth structure and plate tectonics 4. Circulation of the atmosphere 5. Water and ocean structure 8/21 8/21 8/22

6. Continental margins and ocean basins

7. Sediment 8. Marine resources 9. Circulation of the ocean

8/22
8/23 8/23 8/24

13:00-15:00
10:00-12:00 13:00-14:00 11:00-12:30