Parts of Speech

Writing 3

1. Adjective 2. Adverb 3. Article 4. Conjunction 5. Noun 6. Pronoun 7. Preposition 8. Verb

Adjective
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. Examples: Nick is smart. (modifies a noun: Nick) He is a diligent student. (modifies a pronoun: He) Indonesia is a wonderful country. It has so many exciting places.

Possessive Adjective
Possessive adjective is an adjective that expresses a possession (kepemilikan). It is followed by a noun, but possessive pronoun is not.
Possessive Adjectives My Your His Her Possessive pronouns Mine Yours His Hers

Their Our
Its

Theirs Ours
Its

Examples: I have to finish my homework soon. Those books are ours. Are the kids your students? Yes, they are mine.

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES The demonstrative adjectives are used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrases.
This (singular noun): I like to smell this pretty flower. These (plural noun): I like to smell these pretty flowers. That (singular noun): You have travelled that place. Those (plural noun): You have travelled those places.

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES An interrogative adjective which or what modifies a noun or noun phrase. Example: Which plants should be watered twice a week? What clothes do you want to wear to the party? What novel are you reading? Which color pencils do you like?

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES
An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that it modifies a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. Indefinite adjectives are: all, any, each, every, few, many, no, none, one, several, some. Example: Many/all/several/few/some people believe that you can win the competition. Each/every participant are waiting in the room. I have no idea. He doesnt have any money. One computer is enough. My problem is none of your business.

Make a sentence using an adjective, a possessive adjective, and a demonstrative adjective. You have 5 minutes to do it. Write your sentence in the chat box.

Adverb
An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much". Example: He ran quickly to get to school on time. (modifies verb) She is completely generous. (modifies adjective) They talk terribly rudely. (modifies another adverb) After I read a book, I did the dishes. (indicates time) I forgot where I put the keys. (indicates place) Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. (indicates cause)

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Conjunctive adverbs (adverbial conjunctions) adalah kata keterangan/adverbia yang digunakan sebagai konjungsi atau penghubung dua klausa (independent clauses). Konjungsi ini berperan sebagai peralihan dan relasi antara satu pokok pikiran dengan pokok pikiran yang lain. Kata penghubung yang biasa digunakan adalah: - accordingly, consequently, hence, thus, therefore, finally, so, then (oleh karenanya) - afterwards, then (lalu/setelahnya) - then, also, likewise, similarly, furthermore, moreover, besides (juga) - again (lagi) - otherwise (atau) - for example (contohnya) - however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, still (akan tetapi)

Examples: - There are no buses, so/then youll have to walk. - She had a fever; accordingly/consequently/therefore/finally/hence/thus, she stayed at home. -We will have a lunch afterwards/then. - I have to learn the lesson again. -She is my neighbor; also/then/similarly/likewise she is my best friend. - Youll have to go now; otherwise youll get cold. - There are many developed countries, for example USA, Germany, Japan, and South Korea. - I wanted to study; however/nevertheless/nonetheless/ on the other hand/still, I was too tired.

Make a sentence using a conjunctive adverb. You have 5 minutes to do it. Write your sentence in the chat box.

Article
An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. The three main articles in the English language are the, an and a. Example: An author says that although each language in the world may have a very distinct set of words and grammar, all of them have similar parts of speech

Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins two parts of a sentence. There are three types of conjunctions: 1. Coordinating Conjunctions 2. Subordinating Conjunctions 3. Correlative Conjunctions

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating conjunction/coordinator is used to join two independent clauses. Coordinating conjunctions are FANBOYS For (karena): He is rich, for he works hard. And (dan): He is rich, and he is smart. Nor (atau [dengan makna negatif]): He neither washes clothes himself, nor he does the dishes. But (tapi): He has a car, but he cannot drive it. Or (atau): He goes to work by car, or he rides his bike. Yet (tapi): He has a car, yet he cannot drive it. So (maka/jadi): He is handsome, so many girls like him.

Make a sentence using one of coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS). You have 5 minutes to do it. Write your sentence in the chat box.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS A subordinating conjunction is used to join a dependent clause and an independent clause. The most common subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, until, when, where, whether, while, etc. Example: After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.

Make a sentence using a subordinating conjunction. You have 5 minutes to do it. Write your sentence in the chat box.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs and are used to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are: - both...and (kedua-duanya): Both Dono and Indro are comedians. - either...or (atau, positif): I study either math or biology. - neither...nor (atau, negatif): She speaks neither French nor Spanish. - not only...but also (bukan hanyatapi juga): We have to eat not only meat but also vegetables. - asso (sebab akibat): As you work harder, so you will be the winner . - whether...or (apakahatau): We want to know whether you can sing or not.

Make a sentence using a correlative conjunction. You have 5 minutes to do it. Write your sentence in the chat box.

Nouns
A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Example: On the second day, it came for my presentation. It was after lunch. I was totally speechless and numb. I lost my appetite all of a sudden although the menu is my favorite meal, which is grilled fish . When I stepped into the auditorium, I found only two participants sitting on the chair. What a relief! I finally made it. It was done, and I had no fear no more. Then the following hour, it was my colleagues' turn to present, and it ran smoothly. I almost forgot to tell the surprising moment of this priceless experience was that my paper was selected to be one of the international recommended journals. Person: participants, colleagues Animal: fish Place: auditorium Thing: presentation, lunch, day, paper, journals, chair Abstract idea: appetite, relief, fear, hour, moment, experience.

NOUN GENDER
There are four types of gender nouns in English. Masculine gender nouns are words for men, boys, and male animals. Examples: husband, father, grandfather, uncle, son, actor, host, landlord, king, prince, waiter, etc. Feminine gender nouns are words for women, girls and female animals. Examples: wife, mother, grandmother, aunt, daughter, actress, hostess, landlady, queen, princess, waitress, etc. Common gender nouns are nouns that are used for both males and females. Examples: teacher, doctor, engineer, president, minister, writer, guard, vendor, children, students, participant, candidate, etc. Neuter gender nouns are words for things that are not alive. Examples: table, chair, pen, pencil, cupboard, bike, car, gloves, coat, stove, etc.

POSSESSIVE NOUNS Possessive nouns are used to show possession (owning or having). Example: Rinas dog is chasing a cat. (singular) I found the kids hat on the table. (singular) The classes decoration is made by all students. (plural) Mrs. Susans flowers are blooming prettily. (singular) The concert was interrupted by the dogs' barking, the ducks' quacking, and the babies' squalling. (plural)

PLURAL NOUNS Most nouns change their form to indicate number by adding "-s" or "-es". 1. we add the plural suffix s to most words: apples, books, chairs, pictures, pages, keys, computers, etc. 2. After the sound s, z, sh, ch, j, we add the plural suffix es /iz/: boxes, kisses, wishes, watches, buzzes, etc. 3. We add plural suffix es to most words end in o: tomatoes, echoes, potatoes, heroes, zeroes, etc. 4. We add plural suffix s to words of foreign origin (latin, greek, etc): pianos, ghettos, kilos, videos, photos, sopranos, solos, autos, etc.

PLURAL NOUNS 5. when a word ends in Y and there is a consonant besofe Y, we change the Y to I and add es: baby-babies, fry-fries, supply-supplies, flyflies, cry-cries, etc. *But not after vowel+Y: employs, destroys, keys, monkeys, toys, plays. 6. When a word ends in F or EF, we change the F to V and add ES: leaf-leaves, half-halves, life-lives, self-selves, thief-thieves, scarf-scarves, calfcalves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, shelf-shelves, wolf-wolves. *but not in these words: cliffs, roofs, beliefs, chiefs. You may do the exercise of plural nouns in http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/agree1a.html

Types of Nouns
Proper Nouns You always write a proper noun with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing. The names of days of the week, months, historical documents, institutions, organizations, religions, their holy texts and their adherents are proper nouns. Example: The Marroons were transported from Jamaica and forced to build the fortifications in Halifax. Common Nouns A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense -- usually, you should write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun. Example: According to the sign, the nearest town is 60 miles away.

Concrete Nouns
A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is the opposite of a abstract noun. Example: The judge handed the files to the clerk.

Abstract Nouns
An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through your five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun. Example: Tillie is amused by people who are nostalgic about childhood.

Countable Nouns
A countable noun (or count noun) is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and it names anything (or anyone) that you can count. You can make a countable noun can be made plural and attach it to a plural verb in a sentence. Example: We painted the table (singular) red and the chairs (plural) blue.

Non-Countable Nouns
A non-countable noun (or mass noun) is a noun which does not have a plural form, and which refers to something that you could (or would) not usually count. A non-countable noun always takes a singular verb in a sentence. Example: We have to prepare. rice, oil, sugar, salt and water (singular form)

Collective Nouns
A collective noun is a noun refers to a group of things, animals, or persons. You could count the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole is generally as one unit. Groups of people - army, audience, band, choir, class, committee, crew, family, gang, jury, orchestra, police, staff, team, trio Groups of animals - colony, flock, herd, pack, pod, school, swarm (http://www.hintsandthings.co.uk/kennel/collectives.ht m) Groups of things - bunch, bundle, clump, pair, set, stack

Examples group of people: - The committee has been arguing all day. - My family goes shopping on weekends. - I introduced my self to the class. Examples group of animals: - A flock of sheep was happily grazing in the field. - All night we could hear the pack of wolves howling. - We were in awe as we watched the school of whales swimming. Examples group of things: - We each picked a bunch of juicy grapes from the vine. - I cannot afford a pair of Nike shoes. - A bundle of old clothes is given to the poor.

Make a sentence using a collective noun. You have 5 minutes to do it. Write your sentence in the chat box.

Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Here are a few examples: he, she, it, they, someone, who. That means that a pronoun can do all of the things that a noun can do. It can be modified by an adjective, and it can perform any of the noun jobs in a sentence (subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition).

PERSONAL PRONOUNS A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case. These are the pronouns that we use the most: I, me, we, us, you, she, her, he, him, it, they, them * For each of these pronouns, we can tell the person (Who is speaking?), the number (Is the pronoun singular or plural?), and gender (Is the pronoun masculine, feminine, or neuter?). For instance, she is third person (the person being spoken about), singular, feminine while we is first person (the people speaking), plural, neuter.

SUBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they." Example: I was glad to find my lost jewelry. OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them." Example: Seamus told us to meet him in the lobby.

POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person. The possessive personal pronouns are "mine," "yours," "hers," "his," "its," "ours," and "theirs." Note that possessive personal pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives like "my," "her," and "their." Example: The smallest gift is mine. These hand phones are theirs. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time, while "that" and "those" refer to things that are farther away in space or time. Example: This chaos must not continue.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are "who," "whom," "which," "what" and the compounds formed with the suffix "ever" ("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," and "whatever"). Example: Which wants to see the dentist first?
RELATIVE PRONOUNS You can use a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. The relative pronouns are "who," "whom," "that," and "which." The compounds "whoever," "whomever," and "whichever" are also relative pronouns. Example: You may invite whomever you like to the party.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some. The most common indefinite pronouns are: "all," "another," "any," "anybody," "anyone," "anything," "each," "everybody," "everyone," "everything," "few," "many," "nobody," "none," "one," "several," "some," "somebody," and "someone." Example: Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up. One must take care of the babies. I dont have anything to say.

INTENSIVE PRONOUNS An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasize its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, etc). Example: I myself believe that the company will collapse. We ourselves think that you have to leave. He himself admitted that he cheated on her.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS You can use a reflexive pronoun to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence. The reflexive pronouns are "myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves." Note each of these can also act as an intensive pronoun. Example: Diabetics give themselves insulin shots several times a day.

Prepositions
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. The most common prepositions are: "about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and "without."

Verb
The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence. Example: Dracula bites his victims on the neck.

Thank you
Titih Ratih Email: tira_sari30@yahoo.com