5.

Transmission Planning

Summary
Technologies Radio Network Planning Process Radio Media & Model Tuning Network Dimensioning Transmission Planning Parameter Planning & Optimisation Network Capacity Evolution Planning Tools

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5. Transmission Planning

Transmission Planning
EXPLAIN CHAPTER 5
Transmission Planning (3) Network Topologies (2) Microwave Links (8) Leased Lines (3) Cross Connects (3) Transmission Techniques (4)
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5. Transmission Planning

Transmission Planning
Basics Cost for transmission lines accounts for a great portion of network operational costs per year design a network that meets the design criteria with minimum overall costs!

Radio part design

BTS BSS

Fixed part design

BTS MSC BSS BSC Hub BTS BTS

BTS BTS

BTS BTS

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5. Transmission Planning

Transmission Planning
Differences of RNP and TNP Viewpoints

Transmission capacity must be planned for the final phase of the network, not phase by phase. Suitability of a site for transmission can change from ideal to useless when choosing between two neighbouring candidates Site changes can cause major changes in the transmission network topology
No LOS in the new candidate change topology Interference problems re-planning of MW frequencies

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5. Transmission Planning

Transmission Planning
Input Data

Customer input
Allowed unavailability and performance figures Transmission media requirements: own network / leased line Blocking probabilities Protection level and type Existing transmission infrastructure Growth estimate and/or required spare capacity

Radio Network Planning input

Number of BTSs Number of TRXs / BTS Nominal site locations

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5. Transmission Planning

Network Topologies
Basics Transmission topologies are chosen based on availability and protection requirements and availability of existing lines Costs vs. fail safety (redundancy) Real networks usually hybrid solutions

POINT-TO-POINT

STAR (CONCENTRATION POINTS)

MULTIDROP CHAIN
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LOOP

5. Transmission Planning

Network Topologies
Different Philosophies High Transmission costs
BSC used as a transmission concentrator Small BSCs TRS capacity gain on A-ter Transmission costs gain
BTS MSC

BTS BSC BTS BTS

Low Transmission costs

BSC used as a transmission concentrator has a low influence on total cost High capacity BSCs

BTS

BSC/ MSC

BTS BTS BTS

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5. Transmission Planning

Microwave Links
Basics The preferred media when building new access network links High capacity transmission links from 2x2Mbps to 16x2Mbps, 34Mbps and STM-1 (155 Mbps) Pro: low operating costs easy to install flexible quick & reliable solution Contra: needs frequency license environment dependant link quality (e.g. rainfall) LOS not always available

Repeater station Terminal station A

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Terminal station B

5. Transmission Planning

Microwave Links
Types of MW

Long Haul Radios: ~ 30 - 80 km 2 GHz, 7 GHz Medium Haul Radios: ~ 25 - 45 km 10 GHz, 13 GHz, 15 GHz Short Haul Radios: ~ 5 - 30 km 18 GHz, 23 GHz, 26 GHz, 38 GHz, Nokia Metrohopper: < 1 km 57 GHz (uses oxygen absorption in air to limit range)

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5. Transmission Planning

Microwave Links
Modulation Methods

PSK - Phase Shift Keying

there are several levels of PSK (2-PSK, 4-PSK, )

FSK - Frequency Shift Keying

fixed frequency for 0s and another one for 1s

QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

a mixture of phase and amplitude modulation

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5. Transmission Planning

Radio Link Availability Microwave outages equipment failures

use protected equipment hot / warm / cold -standby

Microwave Links

caused by nature
temporary failures self-recovery use protected connections

Examples of natural outages: heavy rainfall zones:

most severe in upper bands (2..3dB/km) significant above 10 GHz

multipath fading
problem with lower bands

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5. Transmission Planning

Microwave Links
How to Avoid Interference

Use the highest available frequency band Attenuate the Tx power to a minimum just to meet the required availability Locate dishes as low as possible with maintaining the required LOS Use big dishes Use different polarisation Select your channel(s) carefully Maintain High-Low -rule on hub sites Try to get similar received signal levels at hub sites
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5. Transmission Planning

Microwave Links
High End & Low End

High-End f1 > f2
Tx Freq.= f1 Rx Freq.= f2

LowEnd

Tx Freq.= f2 Rx Freq.= f1

HI

LO HI LO

HI Simple rule: keep all links in a site "high" or "low"

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5. Transmission Planning

Microwave Links
LOS Check

To verify LOS between two planned sites

possibility to use a microwave link

Input
site locations planned antenna height direction to the other end of link restrictions to cherry-picker, etc.

Output
LOS/NLOS minimum antenna height exact antenna location (rooftop) panorama picture with landmarks and their directions extra observations (forests,building sites etc.)

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5. Transmission Planning

Microwave Links
Fresnel Zone

Line-of-sight path needed between both nodes of a microwave link Keep 1st Fresnel zone clear of obstacles nth Fresnel zone: Ellipse around direct path, where path difference to direct line is n*P/2.
1st Fresnel zone 2nd 3rd

d b

b ! 274

d [ km ] f [ MHz ]

[ m]

Radius for n-th zone = b * sqrt(n)

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5. Transmission Planning

Leased Lines
Transmission lines rented from a 3rd party operator Leased line provider is usually also a competitor Pro
no implementation effort for buyer no extra infrastructure to buy long distances are uncritical

Contra
high operating costs unpredictable lead times (installation) difficult to deploy (may include digging, groundwork..) no control over the physical route or the quality of the link

Analyse cost structure of Leased Line tariffs to decide whether LL or microwave links are more economical
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5. Transmission Planning

Leased Lines
Cost Examples
Leased Line Tariffs (Europe)
30000

Leased Line Tariff

2000

28000 26000

E C U p er m o n th

1500
USD per month

24000 22000 20000 18000 16000 14000

1000

3km 30km 300km

500 300km 30km 3km N e th erla n d s S w itze rla n d G e rm a n y D e n m a rk P ortug a l N o rw a y B elg iu m S w ed e n F in la n d G ree c e F ran c e A us tria Ire lan d S pain Ita ly UK

12000 10000 0 50 100 150 200 250

km length

Leased Line costs vary greatly depending on country, link length, capacity, LL provider and the customer

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5. Transmission Planning

Leased Lines
BTS1

2 Mbit Frame Allocation (Abis)

bits

A Interface
MSC TC

Ater Interface

Ater Interface
BSC

Abis Interface

Air Interface

SM

BTS2

BTS 1 1+1+1

BTS 2 1+1+1

BTS 3 2+2+2

Max 12 TRX per 2 Mbit frame

GENERAL RULE for TS allocation 0 : Synchronization 1 - 24 : TCH 25 - 30 : TRX/BCF SIG 31 : Loop control
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TS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Synchronisation BTS 1 TRX 1 BTS 1 TRX 2 BTS 1 TRX 3 BTS 2 TRX 1 BTS 2 TRX 2 BTS 2 TRX 3 BTS 3 TRX 1 BTS 3 TRX 2 BTS 3 TRX 3 BTS 3 TRX 4 BTS 3 TRX 5 BTS 3 TRX 6
BTS 1 TRX 1 SIG BTS 1 TRX 3 SIG BTS 2 TRX 2 SIG BTS 3 TRX 1 SIG BTS 3 TRX 3 SIG BTS 3 TRX 5 SIG BTS 3 BCF SIG BTS 1 BCF SIG BTS 1 TRX 2 SIG BTS 2 TRX 1 SIG BTS 2 TRX 3 SIG BTS 3 TRX 2 SIG BTS 3 TRX 4 SIG BTS 3 TRX 6 SIG BTS 2 BCF SIG

Loop bits / LCB / MCB

5. Transmission Planning

Cross-Connects
Transmission equipment to branch data streams between different link sets Non-blocking stage
each input stream is routed to an output stream

Tasks
switching between link sets switching between timeslots of a PCM trunk dropping & inserting timeslots

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5. Transmission Planning

Cross-Connects
Concentration

64 kbit/s channels n 3 x 2 Mbit/s m links k i < n+m+k BSC 1 x 2 Mbit/s link i = number of channels

Total Traffic (Erl) Blocking Prob.

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5. Transmission Planning

Cross-Connects
Grooming

BSC full 2 Mbit/s frames

not full 2 Mbit/s frames

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5. Transmission Planning

Transmission Techniques
Transmission methods
ipm ent
CATV PCM ISDN HDSL ATM

is nsm Tra

equ

Transmission techniques
PDH SDH

n sio

Tra nsm iss ion

e ipm equ

Transmission media
Fibre Coaxial cable Copper cable Microwave radio
Terrestrial/satellite

nt

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5. Transmission Planning

Transmission Techniques
Multiplexing

ITU- Standard:
8000 samples per sec @ 8bit = 64 kbit/s 32 * 64 kbit/s = 2 Mbit/s line

Lines can be de-/ multiplexed into lines of higher data rates

8Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140Mbit/s etc...

1 sec 1 sec 2 Mbit/s .... MUX 32 * 64 kbit/s

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1 sec

MUX/ deMUX

8 Mbit/s

MUX/ deMUX

2 Mbit/s MUX .... 32 * 64 kbit/s

5. Transmission Planning

Transmission Techniques
PDH

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

voice spectrum ~ 4kHz sampling rate 8 kHz 8 bits per sample divided into 32 TS (TDM) USA : 24 timeslots

Europe : 2.048 Mb/s USA : 1.554 Mb/s

Higher Order PDH Bitrates

34 M 34 M 34 M 34 M

M 140 M U X

M U X

8M 8M 8M M 8M U X 2M 2M 2M 2 M

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5. Transmission Planning

Transmission Techniques
SDH

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

all network elements are synchronized to Primary Rate Clock (PRC) worldwide standard : interfacing to USA possible

Europe
STM- 1c STM- 1 STM- 4 STM-16 STM-64 (51.7 Mb/s) (155.52 Mb/s) (622.08 Mb/s) (2488.32 Mb/s) (9953.28 Mb/s) = = = = =

USA
STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-48 STS-192

STM4

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STM1 STM1 STM1 STM1