PILL CAMERA

SHAMIMA.N.R S7 CS #59

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY PILL CAMERA PILLCAM PLATFORM COMPONENTS PILLCAM PROCEDURE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS FUTURE SCOPE CONCLUSION REFERENCE

INTRODUCTION
Aim of technology is to manufacture products at molecular level. Achieved by NANOTECHNOLOGY. One such product is PILL CAMERA. A vitamin pill-sized, swallowable camera. Capture images of inside body. Technique is CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY. Study on captured images by the experts. Approved by European Medicines Agency .

CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
Novel noninvasive technology. Provide diagnostic imaging. Simple and safe. Good quality images. Detect evidence of diseases that traditional endoscopy cannot. Diagnosis of diseases of small bowel. Lately, for esophageal & colonic diseases.

PILL CAMERA
Recent development of Nanotechnology. Camera in a Pill. Size of a Capsule. Shape of a Pill. Capsule Camera. Tiny camera. Once it is swallowed, takes pictures . Proximal and distal portions of gastrointestinal tract are visible.

SPECIFICATIONS

Picture of a capsule

Six LEDs & Camera Lens.

SPECIFICATIONS
Diameter 11mm. Length 26mm. Less than 4gm. Bullet Shape. Silver oxide button batteries. Biocompatible material.

FEATURES
Takes 2 images per second. 50,000 images are obtained during an 8 hour exam. Magnification:8x. Coating is non-adherent. Disposable.

INTERNAL VIEW
It has 8 parts. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Optical dome. Lens Holder. Lens. Illuminating LEDs. CMOS image sensor. Battery. ASIC transmitter. Antennae.

1.OPTICAL DOME
Front part of the capsule. Bullet shaped. Light Receiving Window. Non conductor material. Harmless. Easy orientation. Prevent infiltration of digestive fluids inside the capsule. Easy propelling.

2.LENS HOLDER
Accommodates the lens. Lens is tightly fixed. Avoids dislocation of lens.

3.LENS
Integral component. Behind Light Receiving Window. Light through window falls on the lens.

4.ILLUMINATING LEDs
Illuminate an object. Non-reflection coating on the Light Receiving window. Light irradiated from the LEDs pass through the Light Receiving Window.

5.CMOS IMAGE SENSOR

140 field of view. Detect objects as small as 0.1mm. Precise. Detect a Polyp, traditional endoscope cant do.

5.CMOS IMAGE SENSOR

PIXEL ARRAY

READ CIRCUIT

CODING CIRCUIT

SWITCHING CIRCUIT

OSCILLATING CIRCUIT

CONTROL CIRCUIT

CURRENT LIMITING CIRCUIT

6.BATTERY
Button shaped & 2 in number. Silver oxide primary batteries. Even discharge voltage. Disposable. Harmless.

7.ASIC TRANSMITTER
Application Specific Integrated Circuit. Behind the batteries. 2 transmitting electrodes are connected to it. Electrodes are electrically isolated.

8.ANTENNAE
Dome is harmless. Parylene coated onto polyethylene or polypropylene is used. Receives data from ASIC transmitter. Send to Data Recorder.

PILLCAM PLATFORM COMPONENTS

1. Pill Cam Capsule SB or ESO. 2. Sensor Array Belt. 3. Data Recorder. 4. Real Time Viewer. 5. Workstation and RAPID Software.

PILLCAM PROCEDURE
1. Fasting for 10-12 hours. 2. No iron pills for 5 days. 3. 8 skin antennas connected to hard drive, are taped to the patients anterior abdominal wall. 4. Swallow the capsule with few sips of water. 5. Capsule moves by peristalsis. 6. Patient can leave the center. 7. After 7-8 hrs, the patient must returns. 8. Collect images from Data Recorder and examine it.

PROCEDURE

Swallowing a Pill.

PROCEDURE
1. Camera takes pictures after the removal of the capsule. 2. Transmit by means of RF to the Sensor Array. 3. Then to Data Recorder. 4. Real Time Viewer. 5. Recorded data are downloaded to the computer. 6. Use the RAPID software. 7.Excretes capsule within 24-48 hrs.

DEMO
Movement Of Capsule Through The Digestive System

DATA RECORDER

COMPUTER

Data Acquisition & Storage Of Data On Computer

1.PILLCAM CAPSULE
PILLCAM SB
Approved by FDA. For small bowel. Std Lighting control. One sided imaging. 2 images per second. 50,000 images in 8 hrs. Pillcam SB 2-improved optics-cleared by FDA.

PILLCAM ESO
Approved by FDA. For esophagus. Automatic Light control. Two sided photography. 14 images per second. 2,600 images in 20 minutes. Pillcam ESO 2-wider view-cleared by FDA.

2.SENSOR ARRAY BELT

Worn around the patients waist over clothing. Sensors are incorporated within the belt.

Sensor array belt with Data Receiver.

PARTS OF SENSOR ARRAY

Sensor Pads.

Data Cable.

Battery charger.

Receiver Bag.

3.DATA RECORDER
Small portable Recording device. Placed in the Recorder pouch. Attached to the Sensor Belt. Lightweight-470gm. Integrated Battery.

Data Recorder mounted on belt pack and tied to the patients waist.

4.REAL TIME VIEWER

Handheld device. Enables Real-Time viewing. Contains RAPID Reader software. Colour LCD monitor. Test the proper functioning before procedure. Confirms location of capsule. Exam efficiency.

5.WORKSTATION &RAPID SOFTWARE

Enables efficient Capsule Endoscopy. Review & Analysis. RAPID 6. RAPID 6 Access. RAPID 6 Reader.

ENDOCAPSULE SOFTWARE

MIROVIEW SOFTWARE

IMAGES

Capsule in Small Bowel

Healthy Small Bowel Crohns disease

ADVANTAGES
Painless, no side effects . Miniature size. Accurate, precise (view of 150). High quality images. Harmless material. Simple procedure. High sensitivity & specificity. Avoids risk in sedation and radiation. Efficient than X-ray, CT-scan, normal endoscopy.

DISADVANTAGES
Gastrointestinal obstructions prevent the free flow of capsule. Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women face difficulties. Not a replacement for colonoscopy. Very expensive. Not reusable. Surgical removal for capsule obstruction. Batteries may not last long.

APPLICATIONS
Biggest impact in the medical industry. Nanorobots perform delicate surgeries. Pillcam ESO can detect
Esophageal diseases. Gastro esophageal reflux disease. Barretts esophagus.

Pillcam SB can detect

Crohns disease. Small Bowel Tumors. Small Bowel injury. Celiac disease, Ulcerative colitis, etc.

FUTURE SCOPE
Capsule with a laser. Zooming & Auto Focus. Restorative Surgery & Pharmacological Intervention. Reduction in size. Cost effective. Longer Battery life. Telemetric capacities. SAYAKA-Battery free Endoscopic Capsule.

CONCLUSION
Endoscopy Capsule is the pioneering concept in the medical technology. Great help to the Physicians. Nanotechnology has the power to revolutionize the world of production.

REFERENCE
@ www.scribd.com @ www.authorstream.com @ www.givenimaging.com @ www.olympus-europa.com/endoscopy @ www.intromedic.com @ www.rfamerica.com/sayaka @ www.wikipedia.org