A SEMINAR ON REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM

ASWIN SANKAR J S ROLL NO:12

Abstract

Regenerative Braking System is the way of slowing vehicle by using motors as brakes

Instead of the surplus energy of the vehicle being wasted as unwanted heat, the motors act as generators and return some of it to the overhead wires as electricity.

This energy is stored in a large battery, and used by an electric motor that provides motive force to the wheels.

The regenerative braking taking place on the vehicle is a way to obtain more efficiency; instead of converting kinetic energy to thermal energy

through frictional braking, the vehicle can convert a good fraction of its
kinetic energy back into charge in the battery, using the same principle as an alternator.

Brake:
A brake is a machine element and its principle object is to absorb

energy during deceleration. In vehicles brakes are used to absorb

kinetic energy whereas in hoists or elevators brakes are also used to absorb potential energy. By connecting the moving member to stationary frame, normally brake converts kinetic energy to heat

energy. This causes wastage of energy and also wearing of frictional

lining material.

Regenerative Braking System:In a traditional braking system, brake pads produce friction with the brake rotors to slow or stop the vehicle. Additional friction is

produced between the slowed wheels and the surface of the road.
This friction is what turns the car's kinetic energy into heat. With regenerative brakes, on the other hand, the system that drives the vehicle does the majority of the braking. When the driver steps on the brake pedal of an electric or hybrid vehicle, these types of brakes put the vehicle's electric motor into reverse mode, causing it to run backwards, thus slowing the car's wheels. While running backwards, the motor also acts as an electric generator, producing electricity that's then fed into the vehicle's batteries.

Definition:

Braking method in which

the

mechanical

energy

from the load is converted into electric energy and

regenerated back into the

line is known as

Regenerative Braking. The Motor operates as a

generator.

NECESSITY OF THE SYSTEM

In low-speed, stop-and-go traffic where little deceleration is required; the regenerative braking system can provide the majority of the total braking force. This vastly improves fuel economy of the vehicle, and further enhances the attractiveness of vehicles using regenerative braking for city driving. At higher speeds, too, regenerative braking has been shown to contribute to improved fuel economy by as much as 20%.

Advantages of Regenerative braking over Conventional braking:-

Energy Conservation
The energy efficiency of a conventional car is only about 20 percent, with the remaining 80 percent of its energy being converted to heat through friction. The miraculous thing about regenerative braking is

that it may be able to capture as much as half of that wasted energy

and put it back to work. This could reduce fuel consumption by 10 to 25 percent.

Wear Reduction:

An electric drive train also allows for regenerative breaking

which increases efficiency and reduces wear on the vehicle

brakes. Traditional friction based braking is used in conjunction with mechanical regenerative braking. The

regenerative braking effect drops off at lower speeds;

therefore the friction brake is still required in order to bring the vehicle to a complete halt. Since both are used together the

wear of friction brakes is lesser.

Braking is not total loss

Conventional brakes apply friction to convert a vehicles

kinetic energy into heat. In energy terms, therefore, braking is

a total loss: once heat is generated, it is very difficult to reuse. With regenerative brakes, on the other hand, the system that drives the vehicle does the majority of the braking.

The Integrated Motor Assist(IMA) operating principle

Integrated Motor Assist (commonly abbreviated as IMA) is Honda's hybrid car technology. The theory behind IMA is to use regenerative braking to recapture some of the energy lost through deceleration, and reuse that energy later on to help accelerate the vehicle. This has two effects: it increases the rate of acceleration, and it reduces the work required of the petrol engine. The acceleration boost is important as it allows the engine to be scaled down to a smaller but more fuelefficient variant without rendering the vehicle overly slow or weak. This smaller engine is the primary reason cars equipped with IMA get better highway mileage than their more

conventional counterparts.

Additionally, vehicles equipped with IMA can

shut off their engine when the vehicle stops

and use the electric motor to rapidly spin it back up when the driver releases the brake pedal. They also have a conventional starter as a backup, making it the only production hybrid system which can operate with its high voltage electric system disabled, using only its engine like a traditional vehicle. However, since the IMA also acts as the vehicle's alternator,

eventually the 12 volt accessory battery would

require an external charge.

The Honda Civic Hybrid runs on two power source which is the

petrol engine and the electric motor. Other than the Integrated
Motor Assist (IMA) the Civic Hybrid features a 3 stage i-vtec system which will give plenty of power throughout the rpm range. The combination of IMA and 3 stage i-Vtec will gives the car higher engine output , better fuel efficiency and lower emissions without compromising the power.

ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM

Energy Storage Unit (ESU):
The ESU performs two primary functions

To recover & store braking energy To absorb excess engine energy during light load operation The selection criteria for an effective energy storage includes:-

High specific energy storage density High energy transfer rate Small space requirement The energy recaptured by regenerative braking might be stored in one of three devices:

An electrochemical battery, a flywheel or in a regenerative fuel cell.

Batteries:

With this system, the electric motor of a car becomes a generator when the brake pedal is applied. The kinetic energy of the car is used to generate electricity that is then used to recharge the batteries. With this system, traditional friction brakes must also be used to ensure that the car slows down as much as necessary.

When the brake pedal is depressed, the battery receives a higher charge, which slows the
vehicle down faster. The further the brake pedal is depressed, the more the conventional friction brakes are employed.

Flywheels:

In this system, the translational energy of the vehicle is transferred into rotational energy in the flywheel,
which stores the energy until it is needed to accelerate the vehicle.

Using a continuously variable transmission (CVT), energy is recovered from the drive train during braking and stored in a flywheel. This stored energy is then used during acceleration by altering the ratio of the

CVT.

The benefit of using flywheel technology is that more of the forward inertial energy of the car can be captured than in batteries, because the flywheel can be engaged even during relatively short intervals of braking and acceleration. In the case of batteries, they are not able to accept charge at these rapid intervals, and thus more energy is lost to friction.

Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT):

The energy storage unit requires a transmission that can handle torque and speed demands in a stepless manner and smoothly

control energy flow to and from the vehicle wheels. It can use
separate power inputs to produce one output.

Regenerative Braking Controllers

Brake controllers are electronic devices that can control brakes remotely, deciding when braking begins, ends, and

how quickly the brakes need to be applied.

Regenerative braking is implemented in conjunction with anti-lock braking systems (ABS), so the regenerative braking

controller is similar to an ABS controller, which monitors the

rotational speed of the wheels and the difference in that speed from one wheel to another.

In vehicles that use these kinds of brakes, the brake controller not only monitors the speed of the wheels, but it can calculate how much torque -- rotational force -- is available to generate electricity to be fed back into the batteries.

During the braking operation, the brake controller directs the

electricity produced by the motor into the batteries or capacitors. It makes sure that an optimal amount of power is received by the batteries, but also ensures that the inflow of electricity isn't more than the batteries can handle.

The most important function of the brake controller, however, may be deciding whether the motor is currently capable of handling the force necessary for stopping the car. If it isn't, the brake controller turns the job over to the friction brakes, averting possible catastrophe.

OPERATION
How regenerative braking system works?

Regenerative (or Dynamic Braking) occurs when the vehicle is in motion, such as coasting, traveling downhill or braking and the accelerator pedal is not being depressed. During Regent, the motor becomes a generator and sends energy back to the batteries. There are two deceleration modes:

Foot off throttle but not on brake pedal in this mode, the charge/assist gauge will show partial charge, and the vehicle will slow down gradually.

Foot on brake pedal - In this mode, a higher amount of regeneration will be allowed, and the vehicle will slow more rapidly

Why Regenerative Brakes are assisted with the Frictional Brake??

Traditional friction-based braking is used in conjunction with mechanical

regenerative braking for the following reasons:

The regenerative braking effect drops off at lower speeds; therefore the friction brake is still required in order to bring the vehicle to a complete halt. Physical locking of the rotor is also required to prevent vehicles from rolling

down hills.

The friction brake is a necessary back-up in the event of failure of the regenerative brake.

Most road vehicles with regenerative braking only have power on some wheels (as in a two-wheel drive car) and regenerative braking power only applies to such wheels, so in order to provide controlled braking under difficult conditions (such as in wet roads) friction based braking is necessary on the other wheels.

The amount of electrical energy capable of dissipation is limited by either the capacity of the supply system to absorb this energy or on the state of charge of the battery or capacitors. No regenerative braking effect can occur if another electrical component on the same supply system is not currently drawing power and if the battery or capacitors are already charged. For this reason, it is normal to also incorporate dynamic braking to absorb the excess energy.

Some of the cars using Regenerative Braking:-

Toyota Prius

Honda Civic Hybrid

Tesla Roadster

Nissan Leaf

CONCLUSION

In a century that may see the end of the vast fossil fuel reserves that have provided us with energy for automotive and other technologies for many years, and in which fears about carbon emissions are coming to a peak, this added efficiency is becoming increasingly important

Regenerative braking is a small, yet very important, step toward our eventual independence from fossil fuels.

Theoretical investigations of a regenerative braking system show about 25% saving in fuel consumption.

The lower operating and environment costs of a vehicle with regenerative braking system should make it more attractive than a conventional one. The traditional cost of the system could be recovered in a few years time.

The exhaust emission of vehicle using the regenerative braking concept would be much less than equivalent conventional vehicles as less fuel are used for consumption.

THANK

YOU