Chapter12homeostasis 100111073907 Phpapp02

Chapter 12
Homeostasis
Objectives
Students should be able to: Define homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment Explain the basic principles of homeostasis in terms of stimulus resulting from a change in the internal environment, a corrective mechanism and a negative feedback
Objectives continue
Identify on a diagram of the skin: hairs,
sweat glands, temperature receptors, blood vessels and fatty tissue Describe the maintenance of a constant body temperature in humans in terms of insulation and the role of: temperature receptors in the skin, sweating, shivering, blood vessels near the skin surface and the co-ordinating role of the brain
Introduction
Textbook Pg 239 How does animals such as penguins
keep their body temperature at 38 C when their surrounding temperature could be as low as -20 C?
The need of Homeostasis

Conditions outside our body are changing
all the time. But conditions within our body must be kept constant e.g pH and body temperature. Why?
Why does body temperature have to be

kept constant? Ensure that enzymes do not get inactivated or
denatured since enzymes only work within a a certain temperature range
Why must tissue fluid be kept at a

constant pH and water potential? Change in pH affects enzyme reactions in the
cells Change in water potential affects the cells (cells can be crenated or burst)
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a
constant internal environment [body fluids (tissue fluid & blood)]
Once the internal environment is stable, it

allows an organism to be independent from changes in the external environment
Homeostasis involves Negative Feedback

Homeostatic control involves a principle
called negative feedback E.g. water potential of blood increases above normal (norm), it is detected by a receptor (detector). Your body respond by returning the water potential back to the normal condition. If water potential goes too low, the body responds and the water potential rises to normal again
That is, the body always reacts to bring

about an opposite effect to changes
If the system is disturbed, the disturbance

sets in motion a sequence of events that tends to restore the system to its original state Negative feedback process
Can you think of other examples where

the body uses the principle of negative feedback to regulate changes?
Occurrence of homeostatic control

There must be :
A stimulus which is a change in the internal
environment A receptor which can detect the stimulus An automatic or self-regulatory corrective mechanism, which brings about A negative feedback to the stimulus
Fig. 12.2
Examples of Homeostasis in Man

Regulation of blood glucose
concentration (will be covered again)
Regulation of blood water potential

(covered in Excretion)
Temperature Regulation (will study in

details)
Chapter 12 Homeostasis
What Happens When Glucose Concentration Rises?
12 March 2012

Stimulus Blood glucose concentration rises above normal levels
Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
12 March 2012
14

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated
pancreas
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15


liver
pancreas
Corrective Mechanism Islets of Langerhans secretes more insulin, which is transported by blood to liver and muscles
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16


liver
pancreas
Permeability of cell surface membrane to glucose increases

12 March 2012
17

excess glucose
glycogen
liver
Liver and muscles convert excess glucose to glycogen. Glycogen is stored in liver and muscles
pancreas

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18

Stimulus Blood glucose concentration rises above normal levels Blood glucose concentration decreases and insulin production falls
excess glucose
glycogen
liver
pancreas

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19

Stimulus Blood glucose concentration rises above normal levels Blood glucose concentration returns to normal Blood glucose concentration decreases and insulin production falls
excess glucose
glycogen
liver
pancreas

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20

Stimulus Blood glucose concentration rises above normal levels Blood glucose concentration returns to normal
Negative feedback
Blood glucose concentration decreases and insulin production falls
excess glucose
glycogen
liver
pancreas

12 March 2012
21
What Happens When Glucose Concentration Falls?
12 March 2012

Stimulus Blood glucose concentration falls below normal levels
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23

pancreas
12 March 2012
24

liver
Corrective Mechanism Islets of Langerhans secretes more glucagon, which is transported by blood to liver and muscles
12 March 2012
pancreas
25

glycogen glucose
liver
Corrective Mechanism Islets of Langerhans secretes more glucagon, which is transported by blood to liver and muscles Glucagon converts stored glycogen back to glucose. From liver, glucose enters bloodstream
12 March 2012
pancreas
26

Blood glucose concentration rises and glucagon production decreases
glycogen glucose
liver
12 March 2012
pancreas
27

Blood glucose concentration returns to normal
glycogen glucose
liver
12 March 2012
pancreas
28

Blood glucose concentration returns to normal

Negative feedback
glycogen glucose
liver
12 March 2012
pancreas
29
The Mammalian Skin
Functions: 1. Protective covering 2. Excretory organ 3. Regulator of body temperature Any change in the temperature of the surroundings can be detected by the skin
Figure 12.4 A section of the human skin
Functions of the different parts of skin

Blood vessels to bring oxygen to the
cells in the skin. The arterioles can dilate or constrict to regulate the amount of blood flowing through the skin. This helps to regulate body temperature sweat gland produces sweat which can help to cool down the body temperature Hair - can help to trap air to insulate the body
Nerve endings (temperature receptors)

detect changes in temperature of the external environment
Fatty/adipose tissue stores fat and

serves as an insulating layer, preventing heat loss
Heat Production and Heat Loss

Heat is produced in the body:
Due to metabolic activities (e.g. tissue
respiration). Esp in liver and muscles whereby lots of heat are produced in these organs Extra heat in Man is gained by eating hot food, from the sun, warm air, by exercising
Heat is lost:
Through the skin by convection, radiation
and conduction By evaporation of sweat from skin In the faeces and urine In the exhaled air coming from lungs
Regulating Body Temperature

Hypothalamus in the brain
monitors and regulates the body
temperature receives information about the heat changes in the external environment from the temperature receptors in the skin Monitors the temperature of blood that passes through it
Regulating Body Temperature - on a Hot Day
12 March 2012
Stimulus Blood and skin temperatures rise
12 March 2012
38
Receptor Temperature receptors detect changes and send nerve impulses to the brain
12 March 2012
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hair arteriole blood capillaries hair follicle
erector muscle
Hypothalamus of brain is stimulated and sends nerve impulses to relevant body parts
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40

4
Greater heat loss
skin surface 1
capillaries
Arterioles in skin dilate
Shunt vessels constrict

arteriole
More blood flows to capillaries in skin
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7
More latent heat lost as sweat evaporates
sweat pore
sweat duct 6
Sweat production increases
Sweat glands more active
sweat gland
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hair arteriole blood capillaries 8 hair follicle
Hair erector muscles in skin relax
erector muscle
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43
Corrective Mechanism Increase in heat loss and decrease in heat production
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44

Decreased metabolic rate reduces heat production
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45

Blood temperature returns to normal levels
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Negative feedback
12 March 2012
47
Regulating Body Temperature - on a Cold Day
12 March 2012
Stimulus Blood and skin temperatures fall
12 March 2012
49
12 March 2012
50

hair hair follicle blood capillaries arteriole

erector muscles
12 March 2012
51

4
Less heat loss

1
skin surface
capillaries 3
Arterioles in skin constrict

arteriole
Shunt vessels dilate
Less blood flows to capillaries in skin
12 March 2012
52
Less latent heat lost

6
sweat pore sweat duct
Sweat production decreases
Sweat glands less active
sweat gland
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53

hair hair follicle blood capillaries arteriole
Hair erector muscles in skin contract
erector muscles
12 March 2012
54

Shivering occurs when insufficient heat is produced
Corrective Mechanism Decrease in heat loss and increase in heat production
Hypothalamus of brain is stimulated and sends nerve impulses to relevant12 March 2012 body parts 55

Increased metabolic rate increases heat production Stimulus Blood and skin temperatures fall
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56

Increased metabolic rate increases heat production
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57

Increased metabolic rate increases heat production
Negative feedback
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58
What happens when body temperature drops? Heat lost by body activates the temperature receptors in the skin nerve impulses sent to heat gain centre of the hypothalamus. Following mechanisms take place: 1. Vasoconstriction 2. Sweat glands become less active 3. Metabolic rate increases 4. Contraction of hair erector muscle 5. Shivering (if the above reactions are not
sufficient)
When body temperature begins to rise. Vigorous muscular activities heat produced rise in blood temperature heat loss centre in hypothalamus activated nerve impulses sent to different body parts following mechanisms take place :
Vasodilation sweat glands increases activity rapid breathing metabolic rate slows down
Hence body temperature remains constant as extra heat is removed
Homeostasis (Concept Map)
12 March 2012
HOMEOSTASIS
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
12 March 2012
63
HOMEOSTASIS
The maintenance of a constant internal environment Principles of Homeostasis
12 March 2012
64
HOMEOSTASIS
Stimulus Change in internal environment
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65
HOMEOSTASIS
Receptors Detect the change
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66
HOMEOSTASIS
Self-corrective Mechanism To rectify the change
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67
HOMEOSTASIS
Examples
Regulation of blood glucose concentration
12 March 2012
68
HOMEOSTASIS
Examples
12 March 2012
69
HOMEOSTASIS
Examples
Regulation of body temperature
12 March 2012
70
HOMEOSTASIS
Negative Feedback The reverse effect of the change
Examples
Regulation of body temperature
12 March 2012
71
Workbook
MCQ Q1 5 Structured Questions 1, 2, 3

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Chapter 12

The need of Homeostasis

Why does body temperature have to be

Why must tissue fluid be kept at a

Once the internal environment is stable, it

Homeostasis involves Negative Feedback

That is, the body always reacts to bring

If the system is disturbed, the disturbance

Can you think of other examples where

Occurrence of homeostatic control

Examples of Homeostasis in Man

Regulation of blood water potential

Temperature Regulation (will study in

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Rises?

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Rises?

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Rises?

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Rises?

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

Permeability of cell surface membrane to glucose increases

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Rises?

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

Permeability of cell surface membrane to glucose increases

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Rises?

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

Permeability of cell surface membrane to glucose increases

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Rises?

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

Permeability of cell surface membrane to glucose increases

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Rises?

Blood glucose concentration decreases and insulin production falls

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

Permeability of cell surface membrane to glucose increases

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Falls?

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Falls?

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Falls?

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Falls?

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Falls?

Blood glucose concentration rises and glucagon production decreases

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Falls?

Blood glucose concentration returns to normal

Blood glucose concentration rises and glucagon production decreases

Receptor Islets of Langerhans in pancreas stimulated

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

What Happens When Glucose Concentration Falls?

Blood glucose concentration returns to normal