SECTION 1

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Section Introduction
The CDMA frequency band
Frequency Allocation in CDMA
Understanding the DSSS
Codes and their functions in CDMA
Generation of Codes
Spreading And Despreading with Codes

WELCOME TO CDMA OVERVEIW

INTRODUCTION TO CDMA RADIO
INTERFACE

CDMA

The SYMPHONY!
CHAOS

Frequency division!

Time division

Guten Tag
Shalom
Buenos Dias
Bonjour
Hello

GSM Vs CDMA

FREQUENCY REUSE IN CDMA & TDMA

F5
F4

F6
F1

F7

F1
F1

F3

F2

TYPICAL TDMA SYSTEM

EACH CELL USES
DIFFERENT FREQUENCY
THE PATTERN IS
REPEATED FOR THE NEXT
SET OF CELL SITES

F1

F1

F1

F1
F1

TYPICAL CDMA SYSTEM

EACH CELL USES SAME
FREQUENCY

Frequency Re-use
7 cell re-use pattern
f7
f6

f2

f7

f1

f5

f6

f2

f3
f4

f1
f5

f3
f4

CDMA Frequency Reuse

Frequency Reuse

Spread Spectrum Concept

In GSM small time slots of the spectrum (200 kHz) are used by different users as channels.

1800 MHz

1850 MHz

1910 MHz

Mobile Tx

1930 MHz 1990 MHz 2000 MHz

Cell Tx

User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4

Code 1
Code 2
Code 3
Code 4

User n

Code n

Spread spectrum uses much larger slice (1.25 MHz) of the available bandwidth.
Same slice is used for all user with no time multiplexing but each user is
assigns with a different code to uniquely identify them.

The Cellular CDMA Channel

The Cellular CDMA Channel

CDMA Cellular Spectrum

824
MHz

835
MHz

845
MHz
B

825
MHz

Reverse link

846.5
MHz

869
MHz

880
MHz

849
MHz

890
MHz
B

870
MHz

894
MHz
B

891.5
MHz

2-7

Forward link

DSSS AND THE PROCESSING GAIN

DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM

A System is said to be using DSSS if it follows the two basic rules mentioned
The Bandwidth of the Carrier frequency must be much larger than the
Bandwidth of the baseband Signals to be transmitted.
The same codes that are used for coding the signal must also be used for
decoding the signals.

TYPES OF SPREAD SPECTRUM

MODULATION
The types of spread spectrum modulation
communication systems are classified as:

commonly

used

in

Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping
CDMA is a direct sequence system.
Direct Sequence
In direct sequence modulation the carrier frequency is fixed and the
bandwidth of the transmitted signal is larger and independent of the
bandwidth of the information signal.
Frequency Hopping
The carrier frequency is varied and the bandwidth of the transmitted signal is
comparable to the bandwidth of the information signal. Information is
modulated on top of a rapidly changing carrier frequency.

PROCESSING GAIN

PROCESSING GAIN
Processing Gain is a term common to all direct sequence spread spectrum
systems.
Process gain is defined as the ratio of the Chip Rate (Rc) to the
information bit rate (Rb).
This provides a measure of ``spreading'' in the system.

Processing Gain = Rc / Rb
Chip Rate (Rc): The Chip Rate is the rate at which the PN sequence is generated. For
CDMA, IS95, the chip rate is 1.2288 * 10 ^ 6 cps (chips per second).
Bit Rate (Rb): The bit rate is base band user information (i.e. user voice/data) rate. In
CDMA, voice is digitized at different rates depending on the speech activity level. The
system parameters presented in this discussion are based on a maximum bite rate of 9.6
kbps and 14.4 kbps per IS95
For CDMA (IS95A/B):
Ex.Rc = 1.2288 Mcps, Rb = 14.4 kbps (max), resulting in a Processing Gain of 85.33 (19.3
dB).

The Processing Gain and Capacity Relation

SOFT CAPACITY IN CDMA

YOU CAN ALWAYS ADD JUST ONE MORE CALLER TO A CDMA
CHANNEL AT THE COST OF QUALITY. CDMA SYSTEM CAPACITY IS
A COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF USERS AND QUALITY
OF SERVICE.

QUALITY

USER
TRAFFIC

TOTAL
BANDWIDTH
CDMA
USERS

QUALITY IS ANALOGOUS TO PROCESSING GAIN

Comparison of Coverage due to change in traffic

(5% to 80% of capacity)

CDMAs Nested Spreading Sequences

Spreading : What We Do, We Can Undo

Shipping and Receiving via CDMA

DSSS Spreading/ Despreading

C1*C1 = 1, C2*C2 = 1. Cn*Cn = 1 BUT C1*C2 = 0C1*Cn = 0
U1C1 ( 10011000000)

C1 ( 100110.10110010)

=
U1 = 0110010101001000

U1 = 0110010101001000

C1 ( 100110.10110010)

=
U1C1 ( 1001100000)
U2C2*C1 = 0, U2*C2*C2 = U2

U2C2
U3C3
U4C4
UnCn

U3C3*C1 = 0, U3C3*C3 = U3
U4C4*C1 = 0, U4C4*C4 = U4
UnCn*C1 = 0, UnCn*Cn = Un

The Three CDMA Spreading

Techniques

Orthogonal Sequences
Definition:
Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences
are orthogonal if the process of XORing them results in an equal
number of 1s and 0s. Example:
0000
(XOR) 0101
-----0101

Generation Sequence:
- Seed

0 0

0 0

0 0

- Repeat: right & below

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 0

1 1

0 1

1 0

- Invert: diagonally

Walsh Codes
0000000000011111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556666
0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 6 6 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 ... 0 1 2 3

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110

ORTHOGONALITY OF WALSH CODES

Orthogonal Spreading
1

0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001

Walsh Function #59

1001100101100110011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110

Pattern to be Transmitted

Orthogonal Spreading
+1

-1
User Data

Orthogonal
Sequence

0110

0110

0110

0110

0110

Tx Data 1 0 0 1
+1

0110

0110

1001

1001

-1

Decoding Using a Correct Code

Rx Data
Correct
Function

1001

0110

0110

1001

1001

0110

0110

0110

0110

0110

1111

0000

0000

1111

1111

1
+1

-1

Decoding Using a Incorrect Code

Rx Data
Incorrect
Function

1001

0110

0110

1001

1001

0101

0101

0101

0101

0101

1100

0011

0011

1100

1100

Example: Spreading
+1

Spread Waveform Representation of

User As signal
A=00
Walsh Code for
A = 0101

-1
Spread Waveform Representation of
User Bs signal
+1

B=10
Walsh Code for
B = 0011

-1
+1

Spread Waveform Representation of

User Cs signal
C=11
Walsh Code for
C = 0000

-1
Analog Signal Formed by the Summation
of the Three Spread Signals
+1

-3

Despreading
+1

Received Composite Signal

-3
+1

Walsh Code for User A = 0101

-1
Product

+3

-1
Average=(5-1)/4=1
0

Average=(5-1)/4=1
0

Pseudorandom Noise (PN) Codes

Two Short Codes (215 = 32,768)

Termed I and Q codes (different taps )

Used for Quadrature Spreading

Unique offsets serve as identifiers for a Cell or a Sector

Repeat every 26.67 msec (at a clock rate of 1.2288Mcps)

One Long Code (242= 4400 Billion)

Used for spreading and scrambling

Repeats every 41 days (at a clock rate of 1.2288Mcps)

PN Code Generation

PN Code Generation

Masking

Lookup Table for PN Offsets

Mask

Offset (in chips)

Transmitted Sequence

001

1001011

010

0010111

011

1011100

100

0101110

101

1100101

110

0111001

111

1110010

Quadrature Spreading

Offset I PN Code
1011000010110

Symbols Spread by
Walsh Chips

0110111001011

1101111011101

To Baseband
Filter

0110111001011
Q

0110111001011

0100011101011

Offset Q PN Code

0010100100000

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Bipolar PSK
1

1
Digital
Signal

-sinwct
(logic 0)

Quadrature PSK

sinwct
(logic 1)

10

00

11

01

Orthogonal QPSK

tb
I-Channel
Input Data

b0

b1

b2

b3

b4

tb
Q-Channel
Input Data

a0

a1

a2

a3

QPSK MODULATION USING PN-SHORT CODE

PN Offset - Cell Identification

#1

100101001100111010111001010100
100101001100111010111001010100

#2
#3

1001010011001110101110010
Offset in
increments
of 64 chips

Quick and Easy Cell Acquisition

Reuse Walsh Codes

CDMA AIR INTERFACE ARCHTECTURE

FORWARD & REVERSE LINK CODES

Coherent / Non-Coherent
Detection