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DEFINITION
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What are cancercausing genes?

Oncogenes and tumorsuppressor genes
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Two general categories of cancer-causing genes A. Proto-oncogen B. Tumor-supressor genes ..genes that can be mutated or misexpressed in cancer cells

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Proto-oncogen

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normal gene that encodes transcription factors that stimulate expression of other genes, signal transduction molecules that stimulate cell division, and cell-cycle regulators that move the cell through the cell cycle in normal functions, specially cell growth and cell division

Important

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Mutation in proto-oncogen
one

allele needs to be mutated or misexpressed in order to contribute to cancer - gain-function alteration result in an abnormal protein product

mutations

Mutation in proto-oncogen
may

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be overexpressed or expressed at an incorrect time continually in an on state, product may constantly stimulate the cell to divide

If

Oncogenes
proto-oncogenes

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that have experienced a gain-offunction alteration genes, mutated and abnormally expressed proto-oncogen that contribute to the development of cancer

Cancer-causing

Tumor supressor genes

genes

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whose products normally regulate cell-cycle checkpoints or initiate the process of apoptosis

In normal cell : gene encodes protein that halt the progress through the cell cycle in response to DNA damage or growth-suppression signals from

When mutated: cells are unable to respond normally to cell-cycle checkpoints, or are unable to undergo programmed cell death if DNA damage is extensive leading to leads to the accumulation of more mutations and the development of cancer. When both alleles of a tumorsuppressor gene are inactivated, and other changes in the cell keep it growing and dividing, cells may become tumorigenic

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.Approximately 400 oncogens and tumorsuppressor genes known.

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Every cancer has its Treatment"

Varies

based on the type and stage of cancer types of therapies: 1. surgical therapy 2. radiotherapy 3. chemotherapy

Different

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I. Surgery
aims

at removing the tumor and assesses its severity and extension in the body common treatment where cancer is confined to one location and has not spread

Most

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I. Surgery
Examples:

skin cancers, as well as cancers of the lung, breast, and colon.

II. Chemotherapy

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involves administering powerful chemical agents (drugs) to destroy cancer cells in the entire organism your immune system to weaken

causes

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III. Radiation therapy

a it

local cancer treatment

attacks and damages cancer cells by delivering high energy x-rays to the tumor and a small healthy tissue surrounding it

Other therapeutic approaches Immunotherapy

the

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fact of using thebody's own immune system to help fight disease used to stimulate the body's immune defenses to force cancer cells committing

Immunotherapydrugs

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CANCER SCREENINGS
Mammography

and breast

examination - for breast cancer

Colonoscopy

- for colon cancer

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COMMON CANCERS
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1.) LEUKEMIA
Definition

of leukemia: -Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream.

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Normal Blood Cells

Most

blood cells develop from cells in thebone marrowcalledstem cells. Bone marrow is the soft material in the center of most bones. Stem cells mature into different kinds of blood

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White

blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are made from stem cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.

Leukemia Cells
In

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a person with leukemia, the bone marrow makes abnormal white blood cells. The abnormal cells are leukemia cells. normal blood cells, leukemia cells don't die when they should. They may crowd out normal

Unlike

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blood

cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This makes it hard for normal blood cells to do their work.

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2.) PROSTATE CANCER

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Definition

of prostate cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.

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3.) Lung Cancer

Definition

of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. The two main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a

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4.) COLON CANCER

Definition

of colon cancer: Cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon (the longest part of the large intestine). Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that

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5.) Breast Cancer

Definition

of breast cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women,

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6.) Cervival Cancer

Definition of cervical cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (the organ connecting the uterus and vagina). It is usually a slow-growing cancer that may not have symptoms but can be found with regular Pap tests (a procedure in which cells are scraped

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from the cervix and looked at under a microscope). Cervical cancer is almost always caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

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7.) Liver Cancer

Hepatocellular

carcinoma accounts for most liver cancers. This type of cancer occurs more often in men than women. It is usually seen in people age 50 or older. However, the age varies in different parts of the world.

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Hepatocellular

carcinoma is not the same asmetastatic liver cancer, which starts in another organ (such as the breast or colon) and spreads to the liver.

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8.) Ovarian Cancer

The

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risk for developing ovarian cancer appears to be affected by several factors. The more children a woman has and the earlier in life she gives birth, the lower her risk for ovarian cancer. Certain genes defects (BRCA1 and BRCA2) are responsible for a small number of ovarian

cases.

Women with a personal history of breast cancer or a family history of breast or ovarian cancer have an increased risk for ovarian cancer. who takeestrogen replacement only (not withprogesterone ) for 5 years or more seem to have a higher risk of

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Women

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ovarian

cancer. Birth control pills, however, decrease the risk of ovarian cancer.

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9.) Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

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Non-Hodgkin

lymphoma (also known as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, NHL, or sometimes just lymphoma) is a cancer that starts in cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the body's immune system. Lymphocytes are in the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues (such as the spleen and bone marrow).

10.) Thyroid Cancer

Cancer

that forms in the thyroid gland (an organ at the base of the throat that makes hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight). Four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary, and

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Traditional Treatments
Surgery Radiation

therapy

Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Hormonal

therapy inhibitors

Angiogenesis

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Surgery
Primary

method of treatment of the mass plus surrounding lymph nodes is impossible when cancer has metastasized

Removal Removal

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Radiation therapy
Uses

ionizing radiation

external

beam radiotherapy (EBRT)

brachytherapy

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Chemotherapy
Cytotoxic

drugs ("anticancer drugs") with cell division

Interferes

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Immunotherapy
induce

the patient's own immune system BCG immunotherapy interferons and other cytokines

Experimental Cancer Treatment

Bacterial HAMLET

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treatment

(human alphalactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) (DCA) p53 activity restoring drugs

Dichloroacetate

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Virotherapy

RIGVIR

- virotherapy preparation with antitumor activity, immune modulator

Telomerase

therapy therapy therapy

Photodynamic Hyperthermia Exosome

research

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References

http://www.cancertreatment.pro/

http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/cancer