Dental Impression Materials Guide

Impression Materials
www.rxdentistry.blogspot.com
www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com
Impression Materials
Non-elastic Elastic Aqueous hydrocolloids
Agar Alginate
Non-aqueous elastomers
Polysulfide Silicones Condensation Addition Polyether
Indications
Diagnostic casts preliminary opposing Indirect

reconstruction
fixed removable
Bite registration
Giordano, Gen Dent 2000 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com
Elastomeric Impression Materials

Viscoelastic physical properties vary
rate of loading
Rapidly remove decreases permanent deformation
chains recoil from a recoverable distance
increases tear strength
Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com
Plaster Non-elastic Compound Waxes Impression Materials
ZnO - Eugenol
Aqueous Hydrocolloids Elastic
Agar (reversible) Alginate (irreversible) Polysulfide
Non-aqueous Elastomers
Condensation Addition
Silicones Polyether
OBrien, Dental Materials & their Selection 1997 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com
Aqueous Hydrocolloids
Colloidal suspensions chains align to form fibrils traps water in interstices Two forms sol
viscous liquid elastic solid
gel
Placed intra-orally as sol converts to gel
thermal or chemical process
Semi-permeable membranes poor dimensional stability Evaporation Syneresis fibril cross linking continues
contracts with time exudes water
Imbibition water absorption
swells
Agar (reversible)
Elastic
Alginate (irreversible)
Polysulfide Condensation
Silicones Addition Polyether
Reversible Hydrocolloid (Agar)

Indications crown and bridge
high accuracy
Example Slate Hydrocolloid (Van R)
Agar
Composition
Potassium sulfate
complex polysaccharide
seaweed
improves gypsum surface
gelling agent
Borax
Water (85%)
strength
cool to 43C
agar hydrocolloid (hot)

(sol)
agar hydrocolloid (cold)

(gel)
heat to 100C
Manipulation
Gel in tubes syringe and tray material
Manipulation
3-chamber conditioning unit (1) liquefy at 100C for 10 minutes
converts gel to sol
(2) store at 65C place in tray (3) temper at 46C for 3 minutes seat tray cool with water at 13C for 3 minutes
converts sol to gel
Advantages
Dimensionally accurate
Hydrophilic displaces moisture, blood, fluids Inexpensive after initial equipment No custom tray or adhesives Pleasant flavor
No mixing required
Disadvantages
Initial expense special equipment

Material must be prepared in advanced Tears easily Dimensionally unstable Must be poured immediately Can only be used for a single cast
Difficult to disinfect
Agar (reversible)
Elastic
Irreversible Hydrocolloid (Alginate)

Most widely used
impression material Indications

study models removable fixed partial dentures
framework
Examples Jeltrate (Dentsply/Caulk) Coe Alginate (GC America)
Composition
Sodium alginate
Sodium phosphate
salt of alginic acid
retarder
mucous extraction of seaweed (algae)
Filler Potassium fluoride
Calcium sulfate
reactor
improves gypsum surface
2 Na3PO4 + 3 CaSO4 Na alginate + CaSO4

(powder)
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 Na2SO4
H2O
Ca alginate + Na2SO4
(gel)
www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com OBrien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997
Manipulation
Weigh powder Powder added to water rubber bowl vacuum mixer Mixed for 45 sec to 1 min Place tray Remove 2 to 3 minutes after gelation (loss of tackiness)
www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Caswell JADA 1986
Advantages
Inexpensive Easy to use Hydrophilic displace moisture, blood, fluids Stock trays
www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996
Disadvantages
Tears easily
Dimensionally unstable immediate pour single cast
Lower detail reproduction unacceptable for fixed pros

High permanent deformation Difficult to disinfect
Non-Aqueous Elastomers
Synthetic rubbers mimic natural rubber
scarce during World War II
Large polymers some chain lengthening primarily cross-linking Viscosity classes low, medium, high, putty monophasic
Agar (reversible)
Elastic
Polysulfide
First dental elastomers Indications complete denture removable fixed partial denture
tissue
crown and bridge
Examples Permlastic (Kerr) Omni-Flex (GC America)
Composition
Base polysulfide polymers fillers plasticizers Catalyst lead dioxide (or copper) fillers By-product water
Polysulfide Reaction
--SH O = Pb = O H S mercaptan + lead dioxide polysulfide rubber + lead oxide + water S H O = Pb = O HS---------------------SH O Pb = O = S + 3PbO + H O 2 S HS--S-S---------------S-S-
Manipulation
Adhesive to tray
Uniform layer custom tray Equal lengths of pastes Mix thoroughly within one minute Setting time 8 12 minutes
Pour within 1 hour
Advantages
Lower cost compared to silicones and polyethers Long working time
High tear strength

High flexibility Good detail reproduction
Disadvantages
Poor dimensional stability water by-product pour within one hour single pour Custom trays
Messy paste-paste mix bad odor may stain clothing

Long setting time
Agar (reversible)
Elastic
Condensation Silicone
Indications complete dentures crown and bridge
Examples Speedex (Coltene/Whaledent) Primasil (TISS Dental)
Composition
Base poly(dimethylsiloxane) tetraethylorthosilicate filler Catalyst metal organic ester By-product ethyl alcohol
Phillips 1996
CH3
CH3 C2H5O OC2H5
Condensation Silicone Reaction
HO Si O Si - O - H CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 n
Si
HO Si O Si - O - H CH3 CH3 n
C2H5O
OC2H5
metal organic ester CH3 CH3 OC2H5 n
HO Si O Si - O CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
Si
+ 2C2H5OH
ethanol
HO Si O Si - O CH3
OC2H5 n
CH3
Mix thoroughly paste - paste paste - liquid
Manipulation
Putty-wash technique reduces effect of polymerization shrinkage stock tray

putty placed thin plastic sheet spacer preliminary impression intraoral custom tray inject wash material
Advantages
Better elastic properties Clean, pleasant Stock tray putty-wash Good working and setting time
Disadvantages
Poor dimensional stability high shrinkage
polymerization evaporation of ethanol
pour immediately
within 30 minutes
Hydrophobic poor wettability
Agar (reversible)
Elastic
Addition Silicones
AKA: Vinyl polysiloxane Indications crown and bridge denture bite registration Examples Extrude (Kerr) Express (3M/ESPE) Aquasil (Dentsply Caulk) Genie (Sultan Chemists) Virtual (Ivoclar Vivadent)
Composition
Improvement over condensation silicones no by-product
First paste vinyl poly(dimethylsiloxane) prepolymer Second paste siloxane prepolymer Catalyst chloroplatinic acid
Phillips 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996
CH3
---O Si CH = CH2
O
H - Si CH3 O CH3 CH = CH2 Si O ---
Addition Silicone Reaction

CH3
CH3
CH3 - Si - H
O
CH3
Chloroplatinic Acid Catalyst
---O Si CH2 - CH2 - Si CH3 CH3 O CH3
CH3 - Si - CH2 - CH2 Si O --O

CH3
Manipulation
Adhesive to tray
Double mix custom tray
heavy-body
light-body to prep
Putty-wash stock tray
www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Craig Adv Dent Res 1988
Advantages
Highly accurate
High dimensional stability pour up to one week
Stock or custom trays

Multiple casts Easy to mix
Pleasant odor
Expensive Sulfur inhibits set latex gloves ferric and Al sulfate retraction solution Pumice teeth before
Disadvantages
impressing Short working time Lower tear strength Possible hydrogen gas release

bubbles on die palladium added to absorb
www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Manikos Aust Dent J 1998
Addition Silicones
Surfactants added reduce contact angle improved
castability gypsum wettability?? still need dry field clinically
Pratten J Dent Res 1987 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Mandikos Aust Dent J 1998
Agar (reversible)
Elastic
Polyether
Indications crown and bridge bite registration
Examples Impregum F (3M/ESPE) Permadyne (3M/ESPE) Pentamix (3M/ESPE) P2 (Heraeus Kulzer) Polygel (Dentsply Caulk)
Composition
Base difunctional epimine-terminated prepolymer fillers plasticizers Catalyst aromatic sulfonic acid ester fillers Cationic polymerization ring opening and chain extension
Polyether Reaction
R R base
CH3 CH CH2 CO2 CH (CH2)n O CH (CH2)n CO2 CH2 CH CH3 m

N H2C CH2 + R+ catalyst SO3H2C N CH2
R N+ H2C CH2
+
H2C
N CH2
R N CH2 CH2 N +
ring opening
H2C
CH2
Manipulation
Adhesive to tray stock or custom tray
very stiff
Paste-paste mix
Auto-mixing hand-held
low viscosity high viscosity
mechanical dispenser
Advantages
Highly accurate
Good dimensional stability Stock or dual-arch trays Good surface detail Pour within one week kept dry Multiple casts
Good wettability
Disadvantages
Expensive
Short working time

Rigid difficult to remove from undercuts
Bitter taste
Low tear strength Absorbs water changes dimension
Impression Material Usage* Civilian General Dentists

Crown & Bridge vinylpolysiloxane alginate polyether Inlays and Onlays vinylpolysiloxane polyether alginate
81% 38% 28% 71% 22% 20%
*Multiple responses
DPR 2001
Impression Material Usage* Civilian General Dentists

Complete dentures alginate vinylpolysiloxane polyether Partial dentures alginate vinylpolysiloxane polyether
58% 55% 27% 78% 43% 15%
*Multiple responses
DPR 2002
Handling Properties
Agar
Preparation
Boil, temper, store
Technique sensitive
Alginate Polysulfide
Powder, water
Condensation Silicone 2 pastes or paste/liquid
Addition Silicone
Polyether
2 pastes
2 pastes
2 pastes
Ease of Use
Patient Reaction Ease of removal
Good
Pleasant, clean Very easy
Fair
Unpleasant, stains Easy
Fair
Pleasant, clean Moderate
Excellent
Good
Unpleasant clean Moderate to difficult
Thermal Shock Very easy
Pleasant
Moderate
Disinfection
Poor
Poor
Fair
Fair
Excellent
Fair
Handling Properties
Agar
Working Time (min) Setting Time (min) 7 15 5 1 hour
100% RH
Alginate
2.5 3.5 Immediate pour Excellent
Polysulfide
57 8 12
Condensation Addition Silicone Silicone 3 68 Immediate pour Fair 2 4.5 37
Polyether
2.5 4.5 1 week kept dry Good
Stability Wettability and castability

Cost
1 hour
1 week
Fair to good
Excellent
Fair
Low
Very low
Low
Moderate
High to very high
Very high
Properties
Agar
Elastic Recovery (%) Flexibility (%) Flow (%) Shrinkage, 24 hours (%) Tear Strength (g/cm) 98.8 11
--
Alginate Polysulfide
97.3 12 -Extreme
Condensation Silicone 98.2 99.6 3.5 7.8 < 0.10 0.2 1.0 2280 4370
Addition Silicone 99 99.9 1.3 5.6 < 0.05 0.01 0.2 1640 5260
Polyether
98.3 99.0 1.9 3.3 < 0.05 0.2 0.3 1700 4800
94.5 96.9 8.5 20.0 0.4 1.9 0.4 0.5 2240 7410
Extreme
700
380 700
Comparison of Properties
Working time longest to shortest
agar > polysulfide > silicones > alginate = polyether
Setting time shortest to longest
alginate < polyether < agar < silicones < polysulfide
Stiffness most to least
polyether > addition silicone > condensation silicone > polysulfide = hydrocolloids
Tear strength greatest to least
polysulfide > addition silicone > polyether > condensation silicone >> hydrocolloids
Comparison Cost lowest to highest
of Properties
alginate < agar = polysulfide <condensation silicone < addition silicone < polyether
Dimensional stability best to worst
addition silicone > polyether > polysulfide > condensation silicone > hydrocolloid
Phillips 1996
Wettability best to worst
hydrocolloids > polyether > hydrophilic addition silicone > polysulfide > hydrophobic addition silicone = condensation silicone
Castability best to worst
hydrocolloids > hydrophilic addition silicone > polyether > polysulfide > hydrophobic addition silicone = condensation silicone
Regularly-Used Impression Materials*

Alginate Polyether
Civilian Practitioners
88% 85% 27%
Polyvinyl Siloxane
Other
6%
*Multiple Responses
DPR 2005
Summary
Study models Alginate most widely used
inexpensive displaces moisture lower detail reproduction dimensionally unstable
Summary
Prosthodontics Addition silicones most popular
accurate dimensionally stable user friendly expensive

Dental Impression Materials Guide

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Dental Impression Materials Guide

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Impression Materials

Giordano, Gen Dent 2000 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

Elastomeric Impression Materials

Rapidly remove decreases permanent deformation

chains recoil from a recoverable distance

increases tear strength

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

Plaster Non-elastic Compound Waxes Impression Materials

Aqueous Hydrocolloids Elastic

Agar (reversible) Alginate (irreversible) Polysulfide

OBrien, Dental Materials & their Selection 1997 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

viscous liquid elastic solid

Placed intra-orally as sol converts to gel

thermal or chemical process

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

Imbibition water absorption

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

Silicones Addition Polyether

OBrien, Dental Materials & their Selection 1997 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

Reversible Hydrocolloid (Agar)

Example Slate Hydrocolloid (Van R)

improves gypsum surface

agar hydrocolloid (hot)

agar hydrocolloid (cold)

converts gel to sol

converts sol to gel

OBrien, Dental Materials & their Selection 1997 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

Initial expense special equipment

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

Silicones Addition Polyether

OBrien, Dental Materials & their Selection 1997 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

Irreversible Hydrocolloid (Alginate)

impression material Indications

study models removable fixed partial dentures

Examples Jeltrate (Dentsply/Caulk) Coe Alginate (GC America)

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996 www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com

salt of alginic acid

mucous extraction of seaweed (algae)

Filler Potassium fluoride

improves gypsum surface

2 Na3PO4 + 3 CaSO4 Na alginate + CaSO4

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Caswell JADA 1986

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996

Lower detail reproduction unacceptable for fixed pros

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996

scarce during World War II

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996

Silicones Addition Polyether

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com OBrien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

crown and bridge

Examples Permlastic (Kerr) Omni-Flex (GC America)

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com OBrien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

Pour within 1 hour

High tear strength

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996

Messy paste-paste mix bad odor may stain clothing

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996

Silicones Addition Polyether

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com OBrien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

www.dentalmatrix.blogspot.com Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996