Neem Oil: An Advantage For India

Presented by:
S.R. Michael Harrison Suraj Tiwari Sriram

Guided By:
S. Siluvaimuthu

INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel

In simple words, is an oil which is obtained from the oil rich

plants (Jatropha Curcas, Azadirachta indica etc) and is refined if necessary depending upon the use According to National Biodiesel Board (NBB), the technical definition of biodiesel is as follows: A fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils.

Structure of Bio - Diesel

The chemical composition of vegetable oil can vary depending entirely on what blend of fatty acids it is made from. General formula is: C3H5O6C(CnH(2n+x))3 where, n = 15, 17, 19 or 21 x= plus or minus 1. -3, or -5

Sources of bio-diesel
Types of oil sources

Vegetable oil (edible)

Animal fats Vegetables oil (nonedible)

Cooking oil(burnt oil)

Not in practice sal oil mahua oil Azadirachta indica (Neem oil ) Jatropha oil Algae

ESTERIFICATION OF BIODIESEL
Aim Principle Reaction Chemicals required Apparatus required Procedure

AIM
Base (NaOH) catalyzed esterification of Biodiesel [Fatty acids Triglyceride carboxylic acids] using Methanol (CH3OH). Esterification: Conversion of Carboxylic acids [CH3COOH] to Ester [CH3COOCH3] by the treatment with alcohol[CH3OH].

Principle
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group on carbon. In ester, the hydrogen in the carboxyl group replaced by an alkyl group.

Principle(contd.)

O H3C O H

O H3C O R

Reaction
Esterification H+ (catalyst)
Base catalyst

O R OH Alcohol OH

O R R O Ester

oxylic Acid

(a reversible condenstation reaction)

Chemicals required
Vegetable Oil (Edible / Non-edible) eg:Neem Oil,Soyabean Oil

Alcohol - Methanol (CH3OH) / Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) Alkali - Sodiumhydroxide (NaOH) / Pot. hydroxide (KOH)

Apparatus required
Mechanical stirrer Heating mantle Round bottom flask

Thermometer

Condenser

Separating funnel

Apparatus required(contd.)
Measuring jars Beakers Funnels

Procedure
Step 1: Activation of alcohol:

Sodium Hydroxide is dissolved in alcohol by vigorous stirring to form alkoxide in a closed vessel NaOH + CH3OH ------- CH3ONa + H2O
Sod.Hydroxide Methanol Sodium alkoxide

Step 2: TRANSESTERIFICATION / Alcoholysis Alcohol catalyst mixture is mixed with Oil Oil & Methanol ratio 10:1 by weight] Reaction mixture is heated for 70o C for 3 hours to speed up the esterification process
CH2OCOR1 | CH- OCOR2 + 3CH3OH ----Alkaline---- | Catalyst CH2 OCOR3 Triglyceride Methanol R1COOCH3 CH2 OH | R2COOCH3 + CH OH | R3COOCH3 CH2 OH Biodiesel Glycerol

Step 3: Separation of alcohol: Methyl ester (BIODIESEL) and Glycerol are allowed to settle by gravity in a separating funnel The denser glycerol settle down, while the Biodiesel forms the upper layers. The two layers are separated Both layer contains equal amount of Methanol that has to be removed

Step 4: Methyl ester wash: Methyl ester (BIODIESEL) contains unused catalyst and Methanol To remove this, Methyl ester is neutralized with H2SO4(30%) to deactivate the catalyst Then, washed with hot water to remove the catalyst and washing is continued until the pH of washed water is in the range of 6 7 Washed ester is dried using silica gel Methanol can be removed by distillation

 Biodiesel (Non-Edible Oil): BEFORE Esterification

Biodiesel (Non-Edible Oil): AFTER Esterification

Neutralization
A key characteristic of both acids and bases is that they react in a way to neutralize or remove the properties of the other. These are double replacement reactions. Eg : 2 HCl (aq)+Mg(OH)2 (aq) -------MgCl2 (aq)+2 H2O (l) Acid + Base a Salt + water

Different types of Neutralization of Crude oil

Neutralizing: The Crude Oil temporarily stored in Crude Oil Tank is pumped into neutralizing tank by Oil Pump. The oil is mixed with alkali lye in the Mixer and neutralized in Neutralizing Tank, free fatty acid has been neutralized or saponified to be Soapstock.

Different types of Neutralization of Crude oil(contd.)

Physical refining: Physical Refining means removing gum in the oil in the process of degumming and removing the FFA in process of deodorizing by steam. It has the following features: 1. Less oil loss and high oil refining ratio. 2. No water wasted in process of production. 3. More FFA is distilled out. 4. More suitable oil with high acid value and low gum-impurity.

Flow chart

Different types of Neutralization of Crude oil(contd.)

Chemical Refining: Chemical Refining means removing FFA in a way (acid-base neutralization). Gum and soapfoot is separated by centrifuges. Chemical refining has following features: 1. Fine adaptability and less requirement of crude oil quality. 2. Consistent product oil. 3. Less clay is added in compared with physical refining.

Different types of Neutralization of Crude oil(contd.)

Oil Refining process can remove phospholipid, FFA, pigment, off-flavor and other impurities. It includes the following sections: Oil Dugumming, Oil Deacidifying, Oil Bleaching, Oil Deodorizing and Oil Dewaxing. Oil Bleaching: High-activity clay is added into oil, mix and heat mixture of oil and clay to make the small particle of pigment absorbed on the crystal of clay. This machine is of perfect mechanism, reliable performance and is well a configured piece of equipment. Oil Deodorizing: The heat of most bleached oil is recovered by heat exchangers. The bleached oil is heated to the process.

Different types of Neutralization of Crude oil(contd.)

temperature by mineral oil or high pressure steam and then the oil enters into the combined deodorizer, the deodorizer is a combined type: the upper is the packing structure, which is used to remove odor components like FFA, the lower is plate is used for heat bleaching and making product quality more consistent. Oil coming from the deodorizer is cooled and stored after series of heat exchange, volatile like FFA is collected and stored as by products. Oil Dewaxing: It can improve oil palatability, so it plays an important role in the quality of finished oil. At the same time, dewaxing can improve oil transparency and brightness. At present, winterizing method is very popular to dewaxing

Refining area

Redwood Viscometer
Definition "A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used. Viscometers only measure under one flow condition."

Redwood Viscometer
Description of Procedure: The inner cylinder is filled to the marker level and the outer cylinder filled so as to have sufficient height to give good heat transfer. The surrounding water is heated with an electrical heating coil. Heat is transferred to the inner cylinder by rotation of the blades of the agitator. The first reading is taken by removing the stopper from the orifice. The recorded values were the water and test liquid temperatures and the time to collect 50cc of the liquid being recorded. Both the beginning and end temperatures are noted. The collected 50cc of liquid must be put back into the inner cylinder and the used cylinder inverted to empty completely. The level of the sample is checked as, if more of the liquid is needed it would be added. The temperature is then raised and the agitator is used again continuously. This is done until the liquid is brought within 1 degree of the water temperature. The same parameters were again measured. This procedure is repeated for 5 samples in total (at least).

Benefits of Bio-diesel
Reduce the burden on non-renewable fossil fuel sources. Utilization of degraded land with minimal water requirement. Biodiesel produces less pollution than conventional fossil fuel sources. Increase of rural economy and living industries. Increase in nutrients to soil, decrease in soil erosion.

Benefits of Bio-diesel (contd)

Save large expenditure on import of petroleum products. Bio-diesel also generate huge rural employment . Glycerol, cakes and other by-products have high commercial value. It increases the nations energy independence.

Status of Bio-diesel use in India

As per National Biofuel Policy 20% of Indias fuel demand should come from plants. Presently fuel yielding plants cover less than 5000 sq km. The Government has identified 400,000 sq km where jatropha can be grown. The Indian Railways run the diesel locomotives that run from Thanjavur to Nagore run on a blend of jatropa and diesel oil.

Status of Bio-diesel use in India(contd.)

A.P. Govt with Reliance Industries have grown 200 acres of land in Kakinada to grow biodiesel Chattisgarh plans to replace all state owned vehicles using diesel and petrol by 2010. Pune Municipal Corporation took the lead among the Indian cities in using bio-diesel from jatropha in 100 public buses.

CONCLUSION
A large part of Indias population, mostly in rural areas, does not have access to energy services. The enhanced use of renewables (mainly biofuels) in rural areas is closely linked to poverty reductions because greater access to energy services can: Improve access to pumped drinking water. Potable water can reduce hunger by allowing for cooked food (95 per cent of food needs cooking); Reduce the time spent by women and children on basic survival activities (gathering firewood, fetching water, cooking, etc.); Allow lighting which increases security and enables the night time use of educational media and communication at school and home; and Reduce indoor pollution caused by firewood use, together with a reduction in deforestation.