( ) ( )

0
lim
h
f a h f a
h

+
is called the derivative of at . f
a
We write:
( )
( ) ( )
0
lim
h
f a h f a
f x
h

+
'
=
The derivative of f with respect to x is
There are many ways to write the derivative of ( )
y f x =
3.1 Derivative of a Function
( )
f x
'
f prime x or
the derivative of f with respect
to x
y
'
y prime
dy
dx
dee why dee ecks
or
the derivative of y with
respect to x
df
dx
dee eff dee ecks
or
the derivative of f with
respect to x
( )
d
f x
dx
dee dee ecks uv eff uv ecks or
the derivative
of f of x
( of of ) d dx f x

3.1 Derivative of a Function

dx does not mean d times x !
dy does not mean d times y !
3.1 Derivative of a Function
dy
dx
does not mean !
dy dx
(except when it is convenient to think of it as division.)
df
dx
does not mean !
df dx
(except when it is convenient to think of it as division.)
3.1 Derivative of a Function
(except when it is convenient to treat it that way.)
( )
d
f x
dx
does not mean times !
d
dx
( )
f x
3.1 Derivative of a Function
The derivative is
the slope of the
original function.
The derivative is defined
at the end points of a
function on a closed
interval.
0
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
( )
y f x =
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
( )
y f x
'
=
3.1 Derivative of a Function
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
x
2
3 y x =
( )
( )
2
2
0
3 3
lim
h
x h x
y
h

+
'
=
2 y x
'
=
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
x
0
lim2
h
y x h

'
= +
3.1 Derivative of a Function
A function is differentiable if it has a
derivative everywhere in its domain. It
must be continuous and smooth.
Functions on closed intervals must have
one-sided derivatives defined at the end
points.
3.1 Derivative of a Function
To be differentiable, a function must be continuous
and smooth.
Derivatives will fail to exist at:
corner
( ) f x x =
cusp
( )
2
3
f x x =
vertical tangent
( )
3
f x x =
discontinuity
( )
1, 0
1, 0
x
f x
x
<
=

>

3.2 Differentiability
Most of the functions we study in calculus will be differentiable.
3.2 Differentiability
There are two theorems on page 110:
If f has a derivative at x = a, then f is continuous at x = a.
Since a function must be continuous to have a derivative,
if it has a derivative then it is continuous.

3.2 Differentiability
( )
1
2
f a ' =
( )
3 f b ' =
Intermediate Value Theorem for Derivatives
Between a and b, must take
on every value between and .
f
'
1
2
3
If a and b are any two points in an interval on which f is
differentiable, then takes on every value between
and .
f
'
( )
f a
'
( )
f b
'
3.2 Differentiability
If the derivative of a function is its slope, then for a
constant function, the derivative must be zero.
( )
0
d
c
dx
=
example:
3 y =
0 y
'
=
The derivative of a constant is zero.
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
We saw that if , .
2
y x =
2 y x
'
=
This is part of a pattern.
( )
1 n n
d
x nx
dx

=
examples:
( )
4
f x x =
( )
3
4 f x x
'
=
8
y x =
7
8 y x
'
=
power rule
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
( )
1 n n
d
x nx
dx

=
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
Proof:
h
x h x
x
dx
d
n n
h
n
+
=

) (
lim
0
h
x h h nx x
x
dx
d
n n n n
h
n
+ + +
=

...
lim
1
0
h
h h nx
x
dx
d
n n
h
n
+ +
=

...
lim
1
0
1
0
lim

=
n
h
n
nx x
dx
d
( )
d du
cu c
dx dx
=
examples:
1 n n
d
cx cnx
dx

=
constant multiple rule:
5 4 4
7 7 5 35
d
x x x
dx
= =
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
(Each term is treated separately)
( )
d du
cu c
dx dx
=
constant multiple rule:
sum and difference rules:
( )
d du dv
u v
dx dx dx
+ = +
( )
d du dv
u v
dx dx dx
=
4
12 y x x = +
3
4 12 y x
'
= +
4 2
2 2 y x x = +
3
4 4
dy
x x
dx
=
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
Find the horizontal tangents of:
4 2
2 2 y x x = +
3
4 4
dy
x x
dx
=
Horizontal tangents occur when slope = zero.
3
4 4 0 x x =
3
0 x x =
( )
2
1 0 x x =
( )( )
1 1 0 x x x + =
0, 1, 1 x =
Substituting the x values into the
original equation, we get:

2, 1, 1 y y y = = =
(The function is even, so we
only get two horizontal
tangents.)
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-2 -1 1 2
4 2
2 2 y x x = +
2 y =
1 y =
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-2 -1 1 2
4 2
2 2 y x x = +
First derivative
(slope) is zero at:
0, 1, 1 x =
3
4 4
dy
x x
dx
=
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
product rule:
( )
d dv du
uv u v
dx dx dx
= + Notice that this is not just the
product of two derivatives.
This is sometimes memorized as:
( )
d uv u dv v du = +
( )( )
2 3
3 2 5
d
x x x
dx
(
+ +

( )
5 3 3
2 5 6 15
d
x x x x
dx
+ + +
( )
5 3
2 11 15
d
x x x
dx
+ +
4 2
10 33 15 x x + +
=
( )
2
3 x +
( )
2
6 5 x +
( )
3
2 5 x x + + ( )
2x
4 2 2 4 2
6 5 18 15 4 10 x x x x x + + + + +
4 2
10 33 15 x x + +
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
product rule:
( )
d dv du
uv u v
dx dx dx
= +
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
Proof
h
x v x u h x v h x u
uv
dx
d
h
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
+ +
=

add and subtract u(x+h)v(x)
in the denominator
h
x v h x u x v h x u x v x u h x v h x u
uv
dx
d
h
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
+ + + + +
=

( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
=

h
x u h x u x v x v h x v h x u
uv
dx
d
h
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u uv
dx
d
+ = ) (
quotient rule:
2
du dv
v u
d u
dx dx
dx v v

| |
=
|
\ .
or
2
u v du u dv
d
v v

| |
=
|
\ .
3
2
2 5
3
d x x
dx x
+
+
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 3
2
2
3 6 5 2 5 2
3
x x x x x
x
+ + +
=
+
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
Higher Order Derivatives:
dy
y
dx
'
=
is the first derivative of y with respect to x.
2
2
dy d dy d y
y
dx dx dx dx
'
''
= = =
is the second derivative.
(y double prime)
dy
y
dx
''
'''
=
is the third derivative.
( ) 4
d
y y
dx
'''
=
is the fourth derivative.
We will learn
later what these
higher order
derivatives are
used for.
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
Suppose u and v are functions that are differentiable at
x = 3, and that u(3) = 5, u(3) = -7, v(3) = 1, and v(3)= 4.
Find the following at x = 3 :
) ( . 1 uv
dx
d
' ' ) ( vu uv uv
dx
d
+ = 8 ) 7 )( 1 ( ) 3 ( 5 = +
|
.
|

\
|
v
u
dx
d
. 2
2
' '
v
uv vu
v
u
dx
d
=
|
.
|

\
|
2
1
) 4 )( 5 ( ) 7 )( 1 (
27 =
|
.
|

\
|
u
v
dx
d
. 3
2
' '
u
vu uv
u
v
dx
d
=
|
.
|

\
|
2
5
) 7 )( 1 ( ) 4 )( 5 (
25
27
=
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
|
.
|

\
|
hi
ho
dx
d
) )( (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
ho ho
hi d ho ho d hi
3.3 Rules for Differentiation
Consider a graph of displacement (distance traveled) vs. time.
time (hours)
distance
(miles)
Average velocity can be found by
taking:
change in position
change in time
s
t
A
=
A
t A
s A
A
B
( ) ( )
ave
f t t f t
s
V
t t
+ A
A
= =
A A
The speedometer in your car does not measure average
velocity, but instantaneous velocity.
( )
( ) ( )
0
lim
t
f t t f t
ds
V t
dt t
A
+ A
= =
A
(The velocity at one
moment in time.)
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
Velocity is the first derivative of position.
Acceleration is the second derivative
of position.
Example:
Free Fall Equation
2
1

2
s g t =
Gravitational
Constants:
2
ft
32
sec
g =
2
m
9.8
sec
g =
2
cm
980
sec
g =
2
1
32
2
s t =
2
16 s t =
32
ds
V t
dt
= =
Speed is the absolute value of velocity.
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
Acceleration is the derivative of velocity.
dv
a
dt
=
2
2
d s
dt
=
example:
32 v t =
32 a =
If distance is in:
feet
Velocity would be in:
feet
sec
Acceleration would be in:
ft
sec
sec
2
ft
sec
=
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
time
distance
acc pos
vel pos &
increasing
acc zero
vel pos &
constant
acc neg
vel pos &
decreasing
velocity
zero
acc neg
vel neg &
decreasing
acc zero
vel neg &
constant
acc pos
vel neg &
increasing
acc zero,
velocity zero
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
Rates of Change:
Average rate of change =
( ) ( )
f x h f x
h
+
Instantaneous rate of change =
( )
( ) ( )
0
lim
h
f x h f x
f x
h

+
'
=
These definitions are true for any function.
( x does not have to represent time. )
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
For a circle:
2
A r t =
2
dA d
r
dr dr
t =
2
dA
r
dr
t =
Instantaneous rate of change of the area with
respect to the radius.
For tree ring growth, if the change in area is constant then dr
must get smaller as r gets larger.
2 dA r dr t =
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
from Economics:
Marginal cost is the first derivative of the cost function, and
represents an approximation of the cost of producing one
more unit.
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
Example 13:
Suppose it costs: ( )
3 2
6 15 c x x x x = +
to produce x stoves. ( )
2
3 12 15 c x x x
'
= +
If you are currently producing 10 stoves,
the 11
th
stove will cost approximately:
( )
2
10 3 10 12 10 15 c
'
= +
300 120 15 = +
$195 =
marginal cost
The actual cost is:
( ) ( )
11 10 C C
( ) ( )
3 2 3 2
11 6 11 15 11 10 6 10 15 10 = + +
770 550 =
$220 =
actual cost
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
Note that this is not a
great approximation
Dont let that bother you.
Marginal cost is a linear approximation of a curved
function. For large values it gives a good approximation
of the cost of producing the next item.
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
3.4 Velocity and other Rates
of Change
t
2
t
0
2
t

t
Consider the function
( )
sin y u =
We could make a graph of the slope:
u
slope
1
0
1
0
1
Now we connect the dots!
The resulting curve is a cosine curve.
( )
sin cos
d
x x
dx
=
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
h
x h x
x
dx
d
h
sin ) sin(
lim sin
0
+
=

h
x x h h x
x
dx
d
h
sin cos sin cos sin
lim sin
0
+
=

h
x h
h
h x
x
dx
d
h h
cos sin
lim
) 1 (cos sin
lim sin
0 0
+

=
h
x h h x
x
dx
d
h
cos sin ) 1 (cos sin
lim sin
0
+
=

Proof
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
h
x h
h
h x
x
dx
d
h h
cos sin
lim
) 1 (cos sin
lim sin
0 0
+

=
= 0
= 1
( )
sin cos
d
x x
dx
=
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
h
x h x
x
dx
d
h
cos ) cos(
lim cos
0
+
=

h
x x h h x
x
dx
d
h
cos sin sin cos cos
lim cos
0

=

h
x h
h
h x
x
dx
d
h h
sin sin
lim
) 1 (cos cos
lim cos
0 0

=
h
x h h x
x
dx
d
h
sin sin ) 1 (cos cos
lim cos
0

=

Find the derivative of cos x
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
= 0
= 1
h
x h
h
h x
x
dx
d
h h
sin sin
lim
) 1 (cos cos
lim cos
0 0

=
( )
cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
We can find the derivative of tangent x by using the
quotient rule.
tan
d
x
dx
sin
cos
d x
dx x
( )
2
cos cos sin sin
cos
x x x x
x

2 2
2
cos sin
cos
x x
x
+
2
1
cos x
2
sec x
( )
2
tan sec
d
x x
dx
=
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
Derivatives of the remaining trig functions
can be determined the same way.
sin cos
d
x x
dx
=
cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
2
tan sec
d
x x
dx
=
2
cot csc
d
x x
dx
=
sec sec tan
d
x x x
dx
=
csc csc cot
d
x x x
dx
=
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
Jerk A sudden change in acceleration
Definition Jerk
Jerk is the derivative of acceleration. If a bodys position
at time t is s(t), the bodys jerk at time t is
3
3
2
2
) (
dt
s d
dt
v d
dt
da
t j = = =
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
Consider a simple composite function:
6 10 y x =
( )
2 3 5 y x =
If 3 5 u x =
then 2 y u =
6 10 y x = 2 y u = 3 5 u x =
6
dy
dx
=
2
dy
du
= 3
du
dx
=
dy dy du
dx du dx
=
6 2 3 =
3.6 Chain Rule
dy dy du
dx du dx
=
Chain Rule:
example:
( )
sin f x x =
( )
2
4 g x x = Find:
( )
at 2 f g x
'
=
( )
cos f x x
'
=
( )
2 g x x
'
=
( )
2 4 4 0 g = =
( ) ( )
0 2 f g
' '

( ) ( )
cos 0 2 2
1 4 4 =
3.6 Chain Rule
If is the composite of and ,
then:
f g
( )
y f u =
( )
u g x =
( )
( )
at
at
x
u g x
f g f g
=
'
' '
=
) ( ' )) ( ( ' x g x g f - =
( ) ( ) ( )
2
sin 4 f g x x =
( )
2
sin 4 y x =
sin y u =
2
4 u x =
cos
dy
u
du
= 2
du
x
dx
=
dy dy du
dx du dx
=
cos 2
dy
u x
dx
=
( )
2
cos 4 2
dy
x x
dx
=
( )
2
cos 2 4 2 2
dy
dx
=
( )
cos 0 4
dy
dx
=
4
dy
dx
=
3.6 Chain Rule
Here is a faster way to find the derivative:
( )
2
sin 4 y x =
( ) ( )
2 2
cos 4 4
d
y x x
dx
=
( )
2
cos 4 2 y x x =
Differentiate the outside function...
then the inside function
At 2, 4 x y = =
3.6 Chain Rule
( )
2
cos 3
d
x
dx
( )
2
cos 3
d
x
dx
(

( ) ( )
2 cos 3 cos 3
d
x x
dx
(

( ) ( ) ( )
2cos 3 sin 3 3
d
x x x
dx

( ) ( )
2cos 3 sin 3 3 x x
( ) ( )
6cos 3 sin 3 x x
The chain rule can be used
more than once.
(Thats what makes the
chain in the chain rule!)
3.6 Chain Rule
Derivative formulas include the chain rule!
1 n n
d du
u nu
dx dx

= sin cos
d du
u u
dx dx
=
cos sin
d du
u u
dx dx
=
2
tan sec
d du
u u
dx dx
=
etcetera
3.6 Chain Rule
3.6 Chain Rule
Find
) 3 cos(
2
x x y + = ) 1 6 )( 3 sin(
2
+ + = x x x
dx
dy
)) sin(cos(x y =
) 2 4 ( cos
3 3
x x y + =
) sin )( cos(cos x x
dx
dy
=
) 2 12 ))( 2 4 sin( )( 2 4 ( cos 3
2 3 3 2
+ + + = x x x x x
dx
dy
)) 2 4 sin( )( 2 4 ( cos ) 6 36 (
3 3 2 2
x x x x x
dx
dy
+ + + =
dx
dy
The chain rule enables us to find the slope of
parametrically defined curves:
dy dy dx
dt dx dt
=

dy
dy
dt
dx
dx
dt
=
The slope of a parametrized
curve is given by:

dy
dy
dt
dx
dx
dt
=
3.6 Chain Rule
These are the equations for
an ellipse.
Example:
3cos x t = 2sin y t =
3sin
dx
t
dt
= 2cos
dy
t
dt
=
2cos
3sin
dy t
dx t
=

2
cot
3
t =
3.6 Chain Rule
2 2
1 x y + =
This is not a function,
but it would still be
nice to be able to find
the slope.
2 2
1
d d d
x y
dx dx dx
+ = Do the same thing to both sides.
2 2 0
dy
x y
dx
+ =
Note use of chain rule.
2 2
dy
y x
dx
=
2
2
dy x
dx y

=
dy x
dx y
=
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
2
2 sin y x y = +
2
2 sin
d d d
y x y
dx dx dx
= +
This cant be solved for y.
2 2 cos
dy dy
x y
dx dx
= +
2 cos 2
dy dy
y x
dx dx
=
( )
2 2 cos
dy
x y
dx
=
2
2 cos
dy x
dx y
=

This technique is called

implicit differentiation.
1 Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x.
2 Solve for .
dy
dx
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation Process

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.
2. Collect the terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.
3. Factor out dy/dx .
4. Solve for dy/dx .
Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the
curve at .
2 2
7 x xy y + =
( 1, 2)
2 2
7 x xy y + =
2 2 0
dy
dy
x y
x y
dx
dx
(
+ =
+
(

Note product rule.
2 2 0
dy dy
x x y y
dx dx
+ =
( )
2 2
dy
y x y x
dx
=
2
2
dy y x
dx y x

( )
( )
2 2 1
2 2 1
m

=

2 2
4 1
+
=
+
4
5
=
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the
curve at .
2 2
7 x xy y + =
( 1, 2)
4
5
m =
tangent:
( )
4
2 1
5
y x = +
4 4
2
5 5
y x = +
4 14
5 5
y x = +
normal:
( )
5
2 1
4
y x = +
5 5
2
4 4
y x =
5 3
4 4
y x = +
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
Find if .
2
2
d y
dx
3 2
2 3 7 x y =
3 2
2 3 7 x y =
2
6 6 0 x y y
'
=
2
6 6 y y x
'
=
2
6
6
x
y
y

'
=

2
x
y
y
'
=
2
2
2 y x x y
y
y
'

''
=
2
2
2x x
y y
y y
'' '
=
2 2
2
2x x
y
y
x
y y
''
=
4
3
2x x
y
y y
''
=
Substitute
back into the
equation.
y
'
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
Rational Powers of Differentiable Functions
Power Rule for Rational Powers of x

If n is any rational number, then



1
=
n n
nx x
dx
d
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
Proof: Let p and q be integers with q > 0.
q
p
x y =
p q
x y =
Raise both sides to the q power
Differentiate with respect to x
1 1
=
p q
px
dx
dy
qy Solve for dy/dx
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
1
1

=
q
p
qy
px
dx
dy
Substitute for y
1 /
1
) (

=
q q p
p
x q
px
dx
dy
Remove parenthesis
q p p
p
qx
px
dx
dy
/
1

=
Subtract exponents
q
px
dx
dy
q p p p ) / ( 1
=
1 ) / (
=
q p
x
q
p
dx
dy
Because x and y are
reversed to find the
reciprocal function, the
following pattern always
holds:
8 6 4 2 0
8
6
4
2
0
x
y
x
y
2
y x =
y x =
4 m=
( ) 2, 4
( ) 4, 2
1
4
m =
Slopes are
reciprocals.
Derivative Formula for Inverses:
df
dx
df
dx
x f a
x a

=
=
=
1
1
( )
evaluated at ( ) f a
is equal to the reciprocal of
the derivative of ( ) f x
evaluated at .
a
The derivative of
1
( ) f x

3.8 Derivatives of Inverse

Trigonometric Functions
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5
sin y x =
1
sin y x

=
We can use implicit
differentiation to find:
1
sin
d
x
dx

1
sin y x

=
sin y x =
sin
d d
y x
dx dx
=
cos 1
dy
y
dx
=
1
cos
dy
dx y
=
3.8 Derivatives of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
We can use implicit
differentiation to find:
1
sin
d
x
dx

1
sin y x

=
sin y x =
sin
d d
y x
dx dx
=
cos 1
dy
y
dx
=
1
cos
dy
dx y
=
2 2
sin cos 1 y y + =
2 2
cos 1 sin y y =
2
cos 1 sin y y =
But
2 2
y
t t
< <
so is positive. cos y
2
cos 1 sin y y =
2
1
1 sin
dy
dx
y
=

2
1
1
dy
dx
x
=

3.8 Derivatives of Inverse

Trigonometric Functions
1
sin y x

=
1
cos
dy
dx y
=
3.8 Derivatives of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
) cos(sin
1
1
x dx
dy

=
x
1
sin

x
1
2
1 x
2
1
1
x
dx
dy

=
x y = sin
1 cos =
dx
dy
y
3.8 Derivatives of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
) (tan sec
1
1 2
x dx
dy

=
x
1
tan

x
1
2
1 x +
2
1
1
x dx
dy
+
=
x y = tan
1 sec
2
=
dx
dy
y
Find
x
dx
d
1
tan

x y
1
tan

=
y dx
dy
2
sec
1
=
3.8 Derivatives of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
) tan(sec ) sec(sec
1
1 1
x x dx
dy

=
x
1
sec

x
1
1
2
x
1 | |
1
2

=
x x
dx
dy
x y = sec
1 tan sec =
dx
dy
y y
Find
x
dx
d
1
sec

x y
1
sec

=
y y dx
dy
tan sec
1
=
1
2
1
sin
1
d du
u
dx dx
u

1
2
1
tan
1
d du
u
dx u dx

=
+
1
2
1
sec
1
d du
u
dx dx
u u

1
2
1
cos
1
d du
u
dx dx
u

1
2
1
cot
1
d du
u
dx u dx

=
+
1
2
1
csc
1
d du
u
dx dx
u u

1 1
cos sin
2
x x
t

=
1 1
cot tan
2
x x
t

=
1 1
csc sec
2
x x
t

=
3.8 Derivatives of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
Your calculator contains all
six inverse trig functions.
However it is occasionally
still useful to know the
following:
1 1
1
sec cos x
x

| |
=
|
\ .
1 1
cot tan
2
x x
t

=
1 1
1
csc sin x
x

| |
=
|
\ .
3.8 Derivatives of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
3.8 Derivatives of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
Find
) 3 ( cos
2 1
x y

=
4 2 2
9 1
6
) 6 (
) 3 ( 1 (
1
x
x
x
x
dx
dy

=
|
.
|

\
|
=

x
y
1
cot
1
x x y
1
sec

=
1
1 1
1
1
1
2 2
2
+
=
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
x x
x
dx
dy
) 1 )( (sec
1 | |
1
1
2
x
x x
x
dx
dy

+

=
dx
dy
-1
0
1
2
3
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
x
Look at the graph of
x
y e =
The slope at x = 0
appears to be 1.
If we assume this to be
true, then:
0 0
0
lim 1
h
h
e e
h
+

=
definition of derivative
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
Now we attempt to find a general formula for the
derivative of using the definition.
x
y e =
( )
0
lim
x h x
x
h
d e e
e
dx h
+

=
0
lim
x h x
h
e e e
h

=
0
1
lim
h
x
h
e
e
h

| |

=
|
\ .
0
1
lim
h
x
h
e
e
h

| |

=
|
\ .
1
x
e =
x
e =
This is the slope at x = 0, which
we have assumed to be 1.
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
( )
x x
d
e e
dx
=

x
e
is its own derivative!
If we incorporate the chain rule: u u
d du
e e
dx dx
=
We can now use this formula to find the derivative of
x
a
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
( )
x
d
a
dx
( )
ln
x
a
d
e
dx
( )
ln x a
d
e
dx
( )
ln
ln
x a
d
e x a
dx

Incorporating the chain rule:

( )
ln
u u
d du
a a a
dx dx
=
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
a a a
dx
d
x x
ln =
So far today we have:
u u
d du
e e
dx dx
=
( )
ln
u u
d du
a a a
dx dx
=
Now it is relatively easy to find the derivative of .
ln x
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
ln y x =
y
e x =
( )
( )
y
d d
e x
dx dx
=
1
y
dy
e
dx
=
1
y
dy
dx e
=
1
ln
d
x
dx x
=
1
ln
d du
u
dx u dx
=
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
To find the derivative of a common log function, you
could just use the change of base rule for logs:
log
d
x
dx
ln
ln10
d x
dx
=
1
ln
ln10
d
x
dx
=
1 1
ln10 x
=
The formula for the derivative of a log of any base
other than e is:
1
log
ln
a
d du
u
dx u a dx
=
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
u u
d du
e e
dx dx
=
( )
ln
u u
d du
a a a
dx dx
=
1
log
ln
a
d du
u
dx u a dx
=
1
ln
d du
u
dx u dx
=
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
x
e y
2
=
2
3
x
y =
3
ln x y =
) ( sin
4 1 x
e y

=
Find y
x
e y
2
2 ' =
) 2 )( 3 ln( 3 '
2
x y
x
=
x
x
x
y
3
) 3 (
1
'
2
3
= =
) 4 )( (
) ( 1
1
'
4
2 4
x
x
e
e
y

=
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic differentiation
Used when the variable is in the base and the exponent
y = x
x

ln y = ln x
x

ln y = x ln x
x
x
x
dx
dy
y
ln
1 1
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
( ) x y
dx
dy
ln 1+ =
( ) x x
dx
dy
x
ln 1+ =