UNIT I WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

Frequencies Signals, antennas, signal propagation Multiplexing Spread spectrum, modulation Cellular systems

Source coding: Digital presentation of information Block oriented: Test;ASCII,EBCDIC Image:GIF,JPEG Stream oriented: voice, audio music video Line coding: NRZ, RZ, Manchester etc. Channel coding:Linear coding, Block coding,Convolution coding, Hamming, CRC

c. (infra red). Radio transmission starts at several kHz, the very low frequency (VLF) range. These are very long waves. Waves in the low frequency (LF) range are used by submarines, because they can penetrate water and can follow the earths surface. Some radio stations still use these frequencies, e.g., between 148.5 kHz and 283.5 kHz in Germany. The medium frequency (MF) and high frequency (HF) ranges are typical for transmission of hundreds of radio stations either as amplitude modulation (AM) between 520 kHz and 1605.5 kHz, as short wave (SW) between 5.9 MHz and 26.1 MHz, or as frequency modulation (FM) between 87.5 MHz and 108 MHz. The frequencies limiting these ranges are typically fixed by national regulation and, vary from country to country. Short waves are typically used for (amateur) radio transmission around the world, enabled by reflection at the ionosphere. Transmit power is up to 500 kW which is quite high compared to the 1 W of a mobile phone.

FREQUENCY CHART

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Frequencies for communication

twisted pair 1 Mm 300 Hz 10 km 30 kHz coax cable optical transmission

100 m 3 MHz

1m 300 MHz

10 mm 30 GHz

100 m 3 THz

1 m 300 THz

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

infrared

visible light UV

Frequency and wave length: = c/f wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f

VLF = Very Low Frequency LF = Low Frequency MF = Medium Frequency HF = High Frequency VHF = Very High Frequency

UHF = Ultra High Frequency SHF = Super High Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency UV = Ultraviolet Light

Frequencies for mobile communications

VHF-/UHF-ranges for mobile radio simple, small antenna for cars deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections SHF and higher for directed radio links, satellite communication small antenna, beam forming large bandwidth available Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF range some systems planned up to EHF limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules (resonance frequencies) weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall etc.

Few examples AM: uses 520-1605.5KHz(SW)-broadcast/500Kw (MF) FM: uses 5.9-26.1MHz(HF) TV:174-230MHz and 3470-790MHz 9(VHF/UHF) DAB: 223-230MHz and 1452-1472MHz DTV:470-862MHz Analog Mobile: 450-465MHz(UHF) Digital mobile (GSM):890-960MHz,1710-1880MHz CTS(DECT): 1880-1900MHz 3G:1900-11980MHz, 2020-2025MHz,2110-2190MHz(UHF) Microwave:2-40GHz(SHF) IrDA:850-900nm(Infra red) Digital audio broadcasting

Regulatory organization
ITU-international telecommunication union WRC-world radio communication conference
International Frequency Allocation table

Country proposal

Allocation ITU WRC extension

India: national frequency allocation plan

9KHz-3000GHz -Fixed telecommunication -Mobile communication -Broadcasting -Radio navigation -Sattellite -Aeronautical etc

CEPT: European conference of postal and telecommunication Regulates international radio and telecommunications ETSI-European telecommunication standard institute: responsioble For standardization. Partner in 3GPP ECC-Electronics communication committee: respobsible for radio communication a and telecommunication FCC- Federal communication committee:USA: -broadband -competition -spectrum -media -public safety -homeland security ISM: industry, scientific and medical application. Unlicensed band

Frequencies and regulations

ITU-R holds auctions for new frequencies, manages frequency bands worldwide (WRC, World Radio
Europe Cellular Phones GSM 444 - , 44 4 / - 4 , 4 4 4444- 4 , 4 / 44 4, 44 -44 44 44 44 44/ 44 44 UMTS (FDD) 44 , 44-44 4444 44 UMTS (TDD) 4444 44 , 44-44 4444 44 CT 4 444 444+ -4 , 4 4 44 4 CT4 44 4 4 -44 DECT 44 -44 44 44 IEEE 444 . 44 44 -44 44 44 HIPERLAN 4 44 -44 , 4444 4444 44 44 RF-Control 4, 4, 4, 4, 4444444 44 4

Conferences)
Japan PDC 4444 4- 4, 4444 4- 4, 44 -44 , 44 44 44 -44 44 44

USA AMPS , TDMA , CDMA 4444 4- 4, 44 4 4 -44 TDMA , CDMA , GSM 44 -44 , 44 44 44 -44 44 44

Cordless Phones

PACS 44444 , 44-4 444 4 44 44 PACS -UB 44444 -4 4 4

PHS 44 -44 44 44 JCT 44 4 4 -44 IEEE 444 . 44 44 -44 44 44 44 -44 44 44 RF-Control 4444 4, 4

Wireless LANs

44 4 4 -44 IEEE 444 . 44 44 -44 44 44 44 -44 , 44-44 44 4444 44 RF-Control 4444 4, 4

Others

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS

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FREQUENCY REGULATIONS EUROPE www.ero.dk

US- www.fcc.gov JAPAN-www.arib.or.jp INDIA-www.trai.gov.in

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WHY VLF ARE NOT USED FOR DATA TRANSMISSION?

DIFFRACTION CURRENT

INDUCED IN EARTHS SURFACE LOW DATA RATES (SHANNON) REQUIRE LARGE ANTENNAS FOR EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION(OPT FOR SUBMARINES) PENETRATE MATERIAL MORE EASILY NEED BIG CELL SIZE FREQUENCY REUSE NOT POSSIBLE

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WHY ITU-R REGULATE LOWER FREQUENCIES (UP TO SOME HUNDRED GHz) AND NOT HIGHER FREQUENCIES(THz)?
FREQUENCIES

IN THz e.g., Infrared, visible light Easily blocked by obstacles No interference with other transmissions

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DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN REGULATION

EUROPE

ETSI(European Telecommunications Standards Institute) Creates world class standards first and develop system e.g., HIPERLAN, GSM
UNITED

STATES

FCC(Federal Communications Commission) Develop system and then EEE620 WIRELESS MOBILE standardize 27/07/11 NETWORKS

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IMPORTANCE OF ISM BANDS

INDUSTRIAL,

SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL Reserved internationally for the use of RF electromagnetic fields for ISM Devices are made attuned to ISM bands e.g., WLAN adapters Communications equipment must accept any interference generated by ISM equipment.
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ISM BAND CHART

LICENCE FREE ERROR TOLERANT SYSTEMS

2.4GHz(Microwave

, WLAN) 915MHz(Cordless phones)

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INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION

Regulates

information and communication technology issues ITU is active in areas including broadband Internet, latest-generation wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy, satellite-based meteorology, convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice, TV broadcasting, and next-generation networks. ITU is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and its membership includes 191 Member States and more than 700 Sector Members and Associates.
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 ITU-R

ITU SECTORS

Manages the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources ITU-T Standards group(International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee or CCITT ) ITU-D access to information and communication technologies (ICT). ITU-TELECOM ITU TELECOM organizes events such as exhibitions.
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ITU REGIONS
Region

1 comprises Europe, Africa, the Middle East west of the Persian Gulf including Iraq, the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. 2 covers the Americas, Greenland and some of the eastern Pacific Islands. 3 contains most of nonformer-Soviet-Union Asia,WIRELESS MOBILE and east of EEE620 27/07/11 NETWORKS including Iran, and most of Oceania.

Region

Region

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THANK

YOU

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