Introduction Principles of Model Formulation Classification of Hydrological Models Applications GIS and Hydrology Examples Conclusions

A hydrological model is the mathematical representation of the flow of water and its constituents on the land surface or subsurface environment.

Terrestrial hydrologic cycle: many coupled processes

Weather generating processes

Water resources

Hydrologic Budget (In Out = Storage)

Transpiration (T)
Evaporation (E) Precipitation (P)
Reservoir

Streamflow (Q)

Groundwater out (GWout Groundwater in (GWin)

Infiltration (I)

Watershed

(P + GWin) (E + T + I + GWout + Q) = Storagereservoir

Other key variables:

soils
type and association derived characteristics

geology
type derived characteristics

land use
vegetation cover management practices

artificial drainage
storm drains/sewers
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Land Surface Model Groundwater/ Vadose Model

Atmospheric Model

Surface Water

Regional climate model

Land surface model

Moisture/heat flux

Precipitation/Advectio

Runoff/Routing

Evapotranspiration
Infiltration/Seepage

Overland flow

Spatial characteristics ....

Parsimony: no more complex than needed; smallest number of parameters; values obtained from data Modesty: do not pretend to do too much Accuracy: accuracies of model and measurements should match Testability: valid or not

Data requirements model complexity

Functionality, ease of use

 Statistical

models include consideration of uncertainties in both the parameters and input data. simulation models describe the behavior of the hydrologic processes in a watershed using mathematical expressions that interrelate the various phases of the hydrologic cycle.

Deterministic

Lumped:

A lumped hydrologic model takes no account of spatial variability in parameters describing the watershed, the hydrologic processes, the input data or the boundary conditions.

Distributed models account for spatial variability of hydrologic processes, input data, boundary conditions, and watershed characteristics.

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Event-simulation models as used for modeling a single event like precipitation runoff event. They generally use time intervals on the order of hours or even minutes. Continuous models are generally used to model flow over longer periods of time such as months and even years accounting for all the precipitationrunoff events during the period.

Spatial characteristics ....

Control and mitigation of pollution in surface- and

ground water Use of water for domestic supply, agriculture and industry, under consideration of ecological impacts Flood control and mitigation Scientific insight / Predictive tool for management

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Groundwater model

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The hydraulic models are used to calculate water stage, or water-surface profiles along a river or channel. They can also be used to determine areas inundated by flood discharges and to study the effects on floodplains.

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Soil erosion within a river system is bound to decrease the usefulness of regulated reservoirs and is therefore important to master by suitable measures. Existing methods to predict the useful lifetime of a reservoir is to assess the transport of suspended load by the river and assume that this load will settle in the reservoir.
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One dimensional models describing a column based on the groundwater surface and reaching up to some few meters in the atmosphere. The models involve more or less sophisticated descriptions of vegetation. The soil description can be more or less detailed and a few models also allow for treatment of soil frost.
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Hydro-chemical models allow prediction of the chemical states with land use practices as part of the input to soil, streams, rivers and lakes. The models can simulate use of both fertilizers and manure, from which plants take nitrogen in various rates.

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Despite of many advances due to GIS application, in many cases, the use of GIS for hydrological modelling led to compromises and misuse due to conceptual incompatibilities between the fundamental assumptions in GIS and hydrological models.
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Conclusion

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