Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2
Introduction OSI
The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for layered communications and computer network protocol design. It divides network architecture into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical Layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI Seven Layer Model.
OSI Layers
OSI Model Data unit Layer 7. Application Host layers Function Network process to application Data representation, encryption and decryption Interhost communication End-to-end connections and reliability, Flow control Path determination and logical addressing
Data
6. Presentation
5. Session
Frame
Bit
2. Data Link
1. Physical
Physical addressing
Media, signal and binary transmission
Going from layer 1 to 7: Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away Going from layer 7 to 1: All People Seem To Need Data Processing
The physical layer deals with the physical characteristics of the transmission medium. It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems. Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors, and other similar attributes are defined by physical layer specifications. Examples :- EIA/TIA-232, RJ45, NRZ.
4
The data link layer provides access to the networking media and physical transmission across the media and this enables the data to locate its intended destination on a network. The data link layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link by using the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. The data link layer uses the MAC address to define a hardware or data link address in order for multiple stations to share the same 5 medium and still uniquely identify each
The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into smaller packets to accommodate different media. Routers operate at Layer 3. Protocols examples :- IP, IPX, AppleTalk.
It is sometimes called the syntax layer. The presentation layer ensures that the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system. If necessary, the presentation layer translates between multiple data formats by using a common format. Provides encryption and compression of data. Examples :- JPEG, MPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC, HTML.
10
The application layer is the OSI layer that is closest to the user. It provides network services to the users applications. It differs from the other layers in that it does not provide services to any other OSI layer, but rather, only to applications outside the OSI model.
11
Examples of such applications are spreadsheet programs, word processing programs, and bank terminal programs.
12
Introduction TCP/IP
The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it:
the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard.
13
TCP/IP Layers
OSI Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer TCP/IP Application Layer TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3, SNMP, NNTP, DNS,NIS, NFS, HTTP, ... Transport Layer
TCP , UDP , ...
Internet Layer
IP , ICMP, ARP, RARP, ...
Link Layer
FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...
14
Application
Transport
Internet
Link
15
Hub
Center of star topology In Ethernet, multiport repeater or concentrator
Bridge
Connects 2 networks of same technology extended LAN Filters/forwards/floods based on MAC Link layer - frames
Hub
Ethernet
Ethernet
Bridge
Switch
Connects 2+ networks packet-switched network Reduces collisions Switch
Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS
Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS
T3
CISCOSYSTEMS
STS-N
Router
Originally gateway Forwards packets based on network layer info (IP) Separate broadcast domains In each domain, IP packet encapsulated in domain-specific packet
Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS
Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS
Router
CISCOSYSTEMS
Tokenring