Chapter 8

Database and Information Systems

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Learning Outcomes
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of databases Explain the components of a database Describe the various data types Explain the types of databases Explain data warehouses, data marts and data mining Explain the functions of various information systems
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Life Without Databases: Lists

Lists are often sufficient for simple tasks Not appropriate for complex information Multiple lists lead to
Data redundancy Data inconsistency Duplicate data Sorting issues Incomplete data
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Databases
Collections of related data Easily stored, sorted, organized, and queried Turn data into information

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Advantages of Using Databases

Store and retrieve large quantities of information Enable information sharing Provide data centralization Promote data integrity Allow for flexible use of data
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Disadvantages of Databases
Complex to construct Time consuming Expensive Privacy concerns

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Database Terminology
Field: A category of information, displayed in columns Record: A group of related fields

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Database Terminology
Data type: Type of data that can be stored in a field
Data Type Text Numeric Computational Date Memo Used to Store Alphabetic or alphanumeric data Numbers Computational formulas Dates in standard date notation Long blocks of text Example of Data Stored in the Field Mary, CIS110 256, 1.347, $5600 Credit hours x per-credit tuition charges 4/15/2012 Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Object Hyperlink

Multimedia files or documents MP3 file, AVI file A hyperlink to a Web page on the www.pearsonhighered.com/techinaction Internet 8

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Database Terminology
Table: A group of related records Primary key: A field value unique to a record

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Database Types
Relational databases
Organize data in tables Link tables to each other through their primary keys

Object-oriented databases
Store data in objects Also store methods for processing data Handle unstructured data such as audio clips, video clips, pictures, and extremely large documents
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Database Management Systems (DBMS)

Application software designed to capture and analyze data Contain multiple tables Four main operations of a DBMS:
Creating databases and entering data Viewing and sorting data Extracting data Outputting data
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Creating Databases and Entering Data

Create field names
Identify each type of data Data dictionary (or database schema) to store descriptions of data
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Creating Databases and Entering Data

Create individual records
Key in Input form

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Data Validation
Validation
Process of ensuring that data entered into the database is correct (or at least reasonable) and complete

Validation rules
Range checks Completeness checks Consistency checks Alphabetic/numeric checks
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Data Validation

Alphabetic check

Range check

Consistency check
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Viewing and Sorting Data

Browse through records Sort records by field name

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Extracting or Querying Data

Query
A question or inquiry Provides records based on criteria Structured Query Language (SQL)
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Structured Query Language

Used to extract records from databases Original version developed in mid-1970s and called SEQUEL SQL was introduced as commercial product by Oracle in 1979 Uses relational algebra to extract data

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Relational Database Operations

Relational databases organize data into tables Relationships are links between tables with related data Common field(s) need to exist between tables
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Data Storage
Data warehouse
Large-scale repository of data Organizes all the data related to an organization

Data mart
Small slices of data Data for a single department
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Data Mining
Process by which great amounts of data are analyzed and investigated Objective is to spot patterns or trends within the data

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Managing Data: Information Systems

Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze information An information system includes
Data People Procedures Hardware and software

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Managing Data: Information Systems

Functions performed by information systems include
Acquiring data Processing data into information Storing data Providing output options

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Information Systems Categories

Office support systems Transaction processing systems Management information systems Decision support systems Executive support systems Expert systems

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Office Support Systems (OSSs)

Assist employees in day-to-day tasks Improve communications Example: Microsoft Office Include e-mail, word-processing, spreadsheet, database, and presentation programs

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Transaction Processing Systems (TPSs)

Keep track of everyday business activities Batch processing Real-time processing Operational decisions
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Management Information Systems (MISs)

Provide timely and accurate information for managers in making tactical decisions Detail report:
Transactions that occur during a period of time

Summary report:
Consolidated detailed data

Exception report:
Unusual conditions
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Decision Support Systems (DSSs)

Help managers develop solutions for specific problems

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Executive Support Systems (ESSs)

Support strategic decisions made by top level management that will affect the entire company Filter critical information so that trends are apparent

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Expert Systems
Deal with expert knowledge in a particular area Expert systems:
Help in making decisions Use artificial intelligence principles Provide technical support for customers

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Types of Decisions and Information Systems for Managers

Strategic decisions ESS and Expert System MIS and DSS

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SSO
Tactical decisions Operational decisions

TPS

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Chapter 8 Summary Questions

What is a database, and why is it beneficial to use databases? What components make up a database? What types of databases are there? What do database management systems do? How do relational databases organize and manipulate data?
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Chapter 8 Summary Questions

What are data warehouses and data marts, and how are they used? What is data mining? What is an information system, and what types of information systems are used in business?

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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