GSM is a standard set developed by European A GSM

Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) to describe the technologies for second generation or 2G digital cellular networks. One of the most widely used wireless telephony technologies amongst TDMA, CDMA, & GSM .

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In 1982 CPET in europe took an initiative to improve

mobile networks that could lead its way to a profitable market. European telecommunication standard took the responsibility of launching first GSM in 1989. Mobile services based on GSM technology were first officialy launched in Finland in 1991 by RADIOLINJA with cooperation of ERICCSSON.

SOME INTRESTING FACTS AND FIGURES

Originaly the acronym GSM stood for GROUPE

SPECIAL MOBILE. By the end of two years after its operation GSM had 1million users in 48 countries. If you travel in europe or many other parts of the globe, GSM is the only type of cellular service avilable. Today, more than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries. More than 2 billion GSM mobile phone users worldwide.

 CHINA is the largest single is the largest single GSM

market with more than 370 million users followed by russia with 145 million, india with 83 million, U.S.A with 78 million users. GSM represents 82.4% of all global mobile connections. First mobile phone was made in 1973 by Martin Cooper, the manager of motorola which was as big as the size of a brick and weighted around 30 ounces ie. Somewhere around 900 gms.

How incoming calls are handled when a GSM mobile is roaming on another network
Roaming allows a GSM phone user to make and receive

calls using any other GSM network. phone number remains the same When your phone registers on the foreign network, the local VLR tells your home HLR where you are. HLR gets the AuC to pass a seed number and response pair to the roamed-to network, which then uses it to authenticate your mobile account identity. Once that is done, the HLR records which VLR your phone is in, and so any incoming calls are passed to it.

Making an outgoing call when roaming

The handset contacts the base station (BTS), asking for access.

The BTS passes the request back and it reaches your home network's HLR, which checks that your account is allowed roaming facilities. The reply comes back, and your phone is permitted to register.
The VLR allocates your account a temporary phone

number, but you never get to know what this is.

Incoming Call

1. Calling a GSM subscribers 2. Forwarding call to GSMC 3. Signal Setup to HLR 4. 5. Request MSRN from VLR 6. Forward responsible MSC to GMSC 7. Forward Call to current MSC 8. 9. Get current status of MS 10.11. Paging of MS 12. 13. MS answers 14.15. Security checks 16.17. Set up connection

Outgoing Call
1. 2.

MS sends dialled number to BSS BSS sends dialled number to MSC 3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is allowed the requested service.If so,MSC asks BSS to allocate resources for call. 5 MSC routes the call to GMSC 6 GMSC routes the call to local exchange of called user 7, 8, 9,10 Answer back(ring back) tone is routed from called user to MS via GMSC,MSC,BSS