ONCOLOGY

BY NISHA SHETTY 14 KRUPALI THAKKAR - 9

CONTENTS
Breast cancer Lung cancer Brain cancer Leukemia

Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast. There are two main types of breast cancer: 1. Ductal carcinoma starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple. 2. Lobular carcinoma starts in the parts of the breast, called lobules, that produce milk.

Causes/ Risk Factors

Age and gender Family history of breast cancer Genes Alcohol use Childbirth Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Radiation

Symptoms
Early breast cancer usually does not cause symptoms. This is why regular breast exams are important. As the cancer grows, symptoms may include: 1. Breast lump or lump in the armpit that is hard, has uneven edges, and usually does not hurt 2. Change in the size, shape, or feel of the breast or nipple -- for example, you may have redness, dimpling, or puckering that looks like the skin of an orange 3. Fluid coming from the nipple -- may be bloody, clear to yellow, green, and look like pus

 Men can get breast cancer, too. Symptoms include breast lump and breast pain and tenderness.

 Symptoms of advanced breast cancer may include: 1. Bone pain 2. Breast pain or discomfort 3. Skin ulcers 4. Swelling of one arm (next to the breast with cancer) 5. Weight loss

Diagnosis Breast MRI Breast ultrasound Breast biopsy CT scan Mammography Lymph node biopsy

Drugs
Generic Name :-Paclitaxel

Brand Name :-TAXOL

Company Manufacturing :-BristolMyers Squibb

Side Effects
Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Change in taste Thinned or brittle hair Pain in the joints of the arms or legs lasting two to three days, Changes in the color of the nails, and tingling in the hands or toes

 Generic Name :- Letrozol

Brand Name :- Femera Company Manufacturing :Novartis

Sweating, Hot flashes, Arthralgia (joint pain), Fatigue

Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs. There are two main types of lung cancer: 1. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. 2. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases.

 If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung.

Causes / Risk Factors

Cigarette smoking Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer

High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas

Symptoms
Early lung cancer may not cause any symptoms. Symptoms depend on the type of cancer you have, but may include: Chest pain Cough that doesn't go away Coughing up blood Fatigue

Losing weight without trying Loss of appetite Shortness of breath Wheezing Bone pain or tenderness Eyelid drooping

Diagnosis
Bone scan Chest x-ray Complete blood count (CBC) CT scan of the chest MRI of the chest Positron emission tomography (PET) scan Sputum test Thoracentesis (sampling of fluid build-up around the lung) Bronchoscopy combined with biopsy

Drugs
Generic Name :- Gefitinib

Brand Name :- Iressa Company manufacturing :- Astra Zeneca

Side Effects
Acne Diarrhea Nausea Vomiting Dehydration Skin reactions, Paronychia

 Generic Name :- Erlotinib Brand Name :- Tarceva Company manufacturing :Roche

Side effects
Rash Diarrhea Loss of appetite Fatigue Rarely, ingrown hairs, such as eyelashes Hearing loss. Partial hair loss

BRAIN TUMOUR
Brain tumors are the result of uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the brain. Brain tumors can be classified : Primary Metastatic

Causes
Exposure to radiation Family history of certain genetic disorders Having a compromised immune system Cell phone use Consumption of aspartame

Symptoms
Nausea and/or vomiting Visual and hearing disturbances Problems with memory Slower thought process Weakness on one side of the body or abnormal gait Fatigue or increased sleep Personality changes

Diagnosis
Brain MRI CT Scan PET Scan

Treatment
Tumor resection Debulking Surgery Radiation therapy

Drugs
Temozolomide
Generic Name: Temozolomide

Brand Name:
Company:

Temodar
Schering-Plough

Side effects
Low blood cell counts Sickness Tiredness Sensitivity to the sun

 Bevacizumab
Generic Name: Bevacizumab

Brand Name:
Company:

Avastin

Roche

Side effects
Diarrhoea Tiredness Feeling and being sick Low blood cell counts

Leukemia
Leukemia is a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called "blasts Types: Acute Chronic

Causes
Mutations in the DNA Natural and artificial ionizing radiation Tobacco Petrochemicals Human t-lymphotropic virus

Symptoms
Reduced blood counts Frequent bleeding Anemia Frequent infection Threatening pneumonia

Diagnosis
Complete blood counts Bone marrow examination X-ray MRI Ultrasound

Treatment
Chemo therapy Radiation therapy Bone marrow transplant

Drugs
Glivec
Generic Name : Imatinib

Brand Name: Glivec

Company: Novartis

Side effects
Weight gain Reduced number of blood cells Headache Edema Nausea Rash Musculoskeletal pain

 Rituxan
Generic Name: Rituximab

Brand Name: RITUXAN

Comapany : Genentech In

Side effects
Increased cough Infectious events Lymphopenia, Neutropenia, Leucopenia, Anemia .