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Phil Illingworth
Learning Objectives
To understand how to represent a quantity in both Complex Cartesian and Polar forms (and convert between the two forms) To be able to manipulate (add, subtract, and multiply) these complex numbers
Complex numbers are widely used in the analysis of electrical networks supplied by alternating voltages, such as:
In deriving balance equations with AC bridges, in analyzing AC circuits using Kirchhoffs laws, mesh and nodal analysis, the superposition theorem, with Thevenins and Nortons theorems, and with delta-star and star-delta transforms.
y
Cartesian
x
Polar
real axis
j is known as the j-operator, and indicates a phase shift of 90o The phase shift is measured with regard to the reference signal
Z b a Cartesian
a + jb
r
real axis
r
real axis
Polar
Z = r
How do we write r (or |Z|) in terms of a and b?
Z b
r or |Z| = (a2 + b2 )
is called the argument of Z (arg Z). In terms of a and b?
a=r a cos
b=r sin
real axis
VL VR
real axis
And so, an impedance expressed as (3 + j4) means that the resistance is 3 and the given by: The supply voltage Vinductive reactance is 4
V = VR + j VL
R-L Series Circuit As current I is common to both, impedance Z = R + j XL
Assessment
1. What is another name for the complex plane? 2. What does the real axis represent in a complex plane? 3. What does the imaginary axis represent in a complex plane? 4. Find the modulus and argument of (3 + j 4) 5. If two complex numbers are equal, then their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal. Hence solve:
a. (2 + j)(-2 + j) = x + j y
Objectives Achieved?
To understand how to represent a quantity in both Complex Cartesian and Polar forms (and convert between the two forms) To be able to manipulate (add, subtract, and multiply) these complex numbers
Name:
Assessment
1. What is another name for the complex plane? 2. What does the real axis represent in a complex plane? 3. What does the imaginary axis represent in a complex plane? 4. Find the modulus and argument of (3 + j 4)
5. If two complex numbers are equal, then their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal. Hence solve:
a. (2 + j)(-2 + j) = x + j y
IR VR
real axis
Pure resistance
VR 0o Z R o I R 0