Evolution of Networking

Presented By Nasir Riaz

Computer Network
Multiple computers that are connected together to share information and other resources. We can send an email message to a remote computer using the SMTP protocol We can download or upload files to a remote computer using the FTP protocol

Computer A

Computer E

Example of a Computer Network

Computer D

Hub

Computer B

Computer C

Components of Conventional Computer Networks

1. 2.

Computers Network Interface Cards (NIC)

I/O device that plugs into the computer Enables it to communicate over a network

3.

Hub
The network traffic controller

4.

Cables
Are either electrical or optical Not required at all for wireless networks

5.

Protocol
Rules governing communications over the network

HUB:
A device that is used to connect several computers to form a network A hub has several ports. The number generally is 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, or 48

Packet
The smallest unit of data transmitted over a computer network A message to be transferred over the network is broken up into small packets by the sending computer

Each packet contains the following info: Sender's address Destination address Data Error-recovery info
6

Types of Computer Networks

according to the network access policy

Private

Public

Private Networks
Organizations having many computers usually connect them in the form of private networks Access to these network is restricted to authorized computers only

Public Networks
All networks that are not private, are public Example: Internet 8

Types of Computer Networks

according to the distance between nodes

LAN: Local Area Network) WAN: Wide Area Network)

LAN
A network of computers located in the same building or a handful of nearby buildings Examples: Computer network of a University campus

WAN
A network in which computers are separated by great distances, typically across cities or even continents

Example: The network connecting the ATM of a bank located in various 10 cities

Networking Protocols
Networks use protocols, or rules, to exchange info through shared channels Several protocols are available for various types of networks. Here we discuss two that are popular for LANs: Ethernet; Token Ring

11

Ethernet Protocol
A computer using this protocol checks if a shared connection is in use before transmitting a message If not, the computer transmits data

12

Token Ring Protocol

This protocol passes a special message called a token through the network A computer that receives the token is given permission to send a packet of information If the computer has no packet to send, it passes the token to the next computer

13

Types of Communication Channels

1. Wire 2. Wireless
A key characteristic of these channels is bandwidth
14

Bandwidth
Capacity of a communication channel for carrying data Measured in bits/s (bps), kb/s, Mb/s, Gb/s, Tb/s Optical fiber channels have the highest (1 Tb/s) Telephone lines the lowest (56 kb/s)

15

Types of Communication Channels

Wire
Copper
Twisted-pair Coaxial cable

Wireless
Line-of-sight
Microwave Optical

Optical fiber

Non-line-of-sight
Satellite Radio Cellular

16

Wireless (Radio) LANs Are Becoming Popular

Key benefits:
Set-up time Set-up cost Maintenance cost Cost Key challenges:
Security & privacy Quality of service Cost

17

Firewall
A system that that guards a private network, enforcing an access/deny policy to all traffic going to and coming from the Internet

It keeps an eye on all the packets that go in and out of the private network and blocks them or allows them to continue to their destination according to the policy

18

Introduction to the Internet

To become able to appreciate the role of the Internet in todays computing
To become familiar with the history and evolution of the Internet

19

What is internet?
Enables users located at far-way locations to easily share information with others located all over the world Enables users to easily and inexpensively communicate with others located all over the world The Internet is unlike any previous human invention. It is a world-wide resource, accessible to all of the human kind.

20

Internet: Network of Networks

A large number of networks, interconnected physically Capable of communicating and sharing data with each other From the users point view, Internet a collection of interconnected networks looks like a single, unified network 21

Internet Networking Protocols

Communications on the Internet is controlled by a set of two protocols: TCP and IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol: Networking protocol used by all computers and networks on the Internet

22

Tools & Services Available on the Internet

Electronic mail (POP, IMAP, SMTP)

Instant messaging (ICQ, MSN)

Remote login (telnet)

File transfer (ftp)

Network news (nntp) WWW (http)

23

Chronology of events that led to todays Internet

24

1960's
1969 - DoD-ARPA creates an experimental network ARPANET as a test-bed for emerging networking technologies ARPANET originally connected 4 universities & enabled scientists to share info & resources across long distances ARPANET continued to expand throughout the 70's and 80's

25

1970's
Networking tools developed in the 70's include: 1972 - The National Center for Supercomputing Apps. (NCSA) develops the telnet application for remote login, making it easier to connect to a remote computer

1973 - FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is introduced, standardizing the transfer of files between networked computers 26

1980's
1983 - The TCP/IP protocols becomes the only set of protocols used on the ARPANET This sets a standard for all networks, and generates the use of the term Internet as the net of nets ARPANET splits into two nets to keep military & non-military network sites separate: ARPANET and MILNET

27

1980's
In 1982 and 1983, the first desktop computers begin to appear Many are equipped with an OS called Berkeley Unix, which includes networking SW, allowing easy connection to the Internet using telnet The PC revolution continues through the 80s, making access to computer resources & net-worked info increasingly available to public 28

1980's
1985-86: NSF connects the USs six supercomputing centers together, calling it the the NSFNET, or NSFNET backbone To expand access to the Internet, NSF developed regional nets, which were then connected to the NSFNET backbone Plus, NSF supported institutions (universities, etc.) in their efforts to connect to the regional nets

29

1980's
1987 - NSF awards a grant to Merit Network, Inc. to operate & manage future development of the NSFNET Merit collaborates with IBM & MCI on R&D for fast networking technologies 1989 - The backbone network is upgraded to T1, making it able to transmit data at speeds of 1.5 Mb/s (approx. 60 pages of text/second) 30

1990's
1990 - The ARPANET is dissolved

1991 - Gopher is developed at the U of MN

It provides a hierarchical, menu-based method for providing & locating info on the Internet 1993 - CERN releases WWW, developed by Tim BernersLee It uses HTTP and hypertext, revolutionizing the way info is presented & accessed on Internet 31

1990's
1993 - The NSFNET is upgraded to T3 (45 Mb/s or about 1800 pages/s) 1993-1994 - Web browsers Mosaic & Netscape Navigator are introduced Their GUI makes WWW & Internet more appealing to the general public

1995 - NSFNET is replaced by a new architecture, called vBNS which utilizes regional networks and Network Access Points

32