Material Effects of Industrialization

The Factory System

Putting out System is inefficient Machines are large and expensive Entrepreneurs are needed More specialization of tasks Production becomes more efficient, scheduled and disciplined Example: Josiah Wedgewood
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 Workers are reduced to wage earners (free labor). Skilled artisans become obsolete. Seasons are replaced by hours Luddites protest early machines/factories.

Working Conditions

Sabot = sabotage

Early SPREAD of Industrialization

Great Britain
Forbid the export of machinery, techniques or workers Samuel Slater smuggled himself to America in 1789 and built textile machinery from memory of his apprenticeship.

Continental Europe & North America

Kidnapped, bribed and smuggled workers and information Got drunks and other second rate specialists

Early SPREAD of Industrialization

Belgium
Second to industrialize Made glass and weapons

France
Revolution slowed industrialization Napoleon helped by abolishing internal trade barriers and guilds Specialized in textiles, metallurgy and railroads

Germany
Bismarck favored heavy industry Huge conglomerate businesses like Krupp form

United States
Both capital and specialists come from Europe Specialize in iron, textiles (cotton), steamships and railroads

Industrial Capitalism
Mass Production
Standardization causes falling prices
Interchangeable parts: Eli Whitney (guns) Subdivision of Labor: Henry Fords conveyor system (a car every 90 minutes)

Big Business
Joint Stock Companies Corporation
Many investors with limited liability Banks grow to meet demand

Monopolies: Unregulated Capitalism

Designed to limit or eliminate competition

Trusts:
Vertical Monopoly: controls all aspects of production, like Standard Oil that owned the oil from the well to the pump. Horizontal Monopoly: controls one aspect of production so all companies that deal with that aspect must pay their price, like DeBeers Diamonds

Cartels:
Companies that work together to fix prices

Industrial Society
Benefits: Inexpensive goods (washing machines, cars, clothingunderwear) Rising standard of living (food prices drop) Population growth (1000% in N. America)

Industrial Society
Demographic Transition
Shifting patterns of fertility and mortality
Fertility drops
Birth control Cost of raising children is high More children survive to adulthood

Population growth slows

Demographic stability is achieved (birth nearly the same as deaths)

Industrial Society
Urbanization
Industrial nations become predominantly urban Sewers improve sanitation
Less disease like TB, cholera and typhus in areas with sewers

Parks Pollution Police

Industrial Society
Migration
Millions to North and South America Different reasons for migration
Political (Germans) Economic (Irish) Social (Jews, Catholic British)

Italians returned to Italy in large numbers Over 90% of Chinese return to China

 New Social Classes

Slavery ends Slaves could not afford goods being produced, wage laborers spent money on goods they made Middle Class Became larger and more economically and politically powerful than privileged class Demands police forces Working Class Demands political influence, takes Holy Mondays attends fights and baseball

Industrial Society
Family
Men
Gained status as wages increased Enjoyed reading books for leisure

Women
Worked less at home Middle class women show class by not working Middle class demand servants Careers limited to semi-professionals, give up work when married

Children
Must work to survive Sensational abuse 1840s Parliamentary laws begin to address abuse