Induction Program

07/07/08

DATABASES
 Contents
1. Introduction to Database
• Text File

• Spread Sheet

• Relational Database

2. Data Types
• Numeric

• Date & Time

• String

3. Introduction to Normalization
• Why Normalize

• Normal Forms – 1st, 2nd & 3rd Normal Form

4. Introduction to SQL

5. Q & A
 What is a Database?
 A database is a collection of data.

 A database could be as simple as a

text file with a list of names. Or it
could be as complex as a large,
relational database management
system, complete with in-built
tools to help you maintain the data.
 Text File
Example:

 ID, Name, Department, Company

 1,Martin,PHP, VSplash
 2,Laxmikant,PHP, VSplash
 3,Deepali, PHP, VSplash
 Spread Sheet
Example:

ID Name Department Company

1 Martin PHP VSplash

2 Laxmikant PHP VSplash

3 Deepali PHP VSplash

 Relational Database
Employee
ID Name DepartmentID CompanyID

1 Martin 1 1

2 Laxmikant 1 1
3 Deepali 1 1

Deparment Company
ID Name ID Name
1 PHP 1 VSplash
2 HR
3 Design
 Data Types

 Numeric
 Date and time
 String
 Numeric
 TINYINT( ) -128 to 127 normal
 0 to 255 UNSIGNED.

 SMALLINT( ) -32768 to 32767 normal

 0 to 65535 UNSIGNED.

 MEDIUMINT( ) -8388608 to 8388607 normal

 0 to 16777215 UNSIGNED.

 INT( ) -2147483648 to 2147483647 normal

 0 to 4294967295 UNSIGNED.

 BIGINT( ) -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807

normal
 0 to 18446744073709551615 UNSIGNED.

 FLOAT A small number with a floating decimal point.

 DOUBLE( , ) A large number with a floating decimal point.

 DECIMAL( , ) A DOUBLE stored as a string , allowing for a fixed

decimal point.
 Date and Time
 DATE '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31‘ YYYY-MM-DD

 DATETIME '1000-01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59‘

 TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-09 03:14:07‘

is returned as YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS

TIME '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59' HH:MM:SS


YEAR[(2|4)] 1901 to 2155, and 0000 / 70 to 69
 String
 CHAR( ) A fixed section from 0 to 255 characters long.
 VARCHAR( ) A variable section from 0 to 255 characters long.
 TINYTEXT A string with a maximum length of 255 characters.
 TEXT A string with a maximum length of 65535 characters.
 BLOB A string with a maximum length of 65535 characters.
 MEDIUMTEXT A string with a maximum length of 16777215
characters.
 MEDIUMBLOB A string with a maximum length of 16777215
characters.
 LONGTEXT A string with a maximum length of 4294967295
characters.
 LONGBLOB A string with a maximum length of 4294967295
characters.
 Why Normalize?
 Flexibility
• Structure supports many ways too look
at the data
 Data Integrity
• Modification Anomalies
 Deletion
 Insertion

 Update

• Efficency
 Eliminate redundant data and save space
 Normalization Defined
 “In relational database design, the process
of organizing data to minimize duplication”
 Normalization usually involves dividing a
database into two or more tables and
defining relationships between tables
 The objective is to isolate data so that
additions, deletions, and modifications of a
field can be made in just one table and
then propagated through the rest of the
database via the defined relationships
 Normal Forms
 A series of logical steps to take to
normalize data tables
 First Normal Form
 Second Normal Form
 Third Normal Form
 First Normal Form
 All columns (fields) must be atomic
• Means: no repeating items in columns
Order Data Customer Items
06/07/2008 Martin Hammer,Saw,Nails

Order Data Customer Item1 Item2 Item3

06/07/2008 Martin Hammer Saw Nails

Solution: Make a separate table for each set

of attributes with a primary key
Customers Orders
CustomerID OrderID
Name Item
CustomerID
OrderDate
 Second Normal Form
 In 1NF and every non-key column is fully
dependant on the (entire) primary key
• Means: Do(es) the key field(s) imply the rest of the
fields? Do we need to know both OrderId and item to
know the Customer and the Date? Clue: repeating
fields.
OrderID Item CustomerID OrderDate
1 Hammer 1 06/07/2008
1 Saw 1 06/07/2008
1 Nails 1 06/07/2008

Solution: Remove to a separate table

Orders OrderDetails
OrderId OrderId
CustomerId Item
OrderDate
 Third Normal Form
 In 2NF and every non-key column is mutually
independent
• Means: Calculations
Item Quantity Price Total
Hammer 2 10 20
Saw 5 40 200
Nails 8 1 8

Solution: Put calculations in queries and forms

OrderDetails
OrderId Put expression in text controll or in query:
Item =Quantity * Price
Quantity
Price
SQL (Structured Query Language)
 SQL is a standard interactive and
programming language for querying and
modifying data and managing databases

 The core of SQL is formed by a command

language that allows the retrieval,
insertion, updating, and deletion of data,
and performing management and
administrative functions.
Questions?
Thank you