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Contents
Essential points of Review Section
Signals time-domain waveform: Acos(2fct) Fourier transform: A[(f-fc)+(f+fc)]/2
Magnitude spectrum, bandwidth, power Transfer function, convolution Y(f)=H(f)G(f)
This class
Section 2.1: overview of continuous wave modulation Section 2.2: AM modulation
Baseband, Passband
Baseband: refers to the signals and systems before modulation, which have frequencies/bandwidth much lower than the carrier frequency Passband: refers to the signals and systems after (including) modulation, which have frequencies/bandwidth around the carrier frequency Baseband signal: is usually the modulating signal, or message signal Passband signal: is usually the modulated signal, or transmitted signal
What is modulation?
Change baseband signal into passband signal (shift frequency of message signal from low to high) Change some characteristics of a carrier according to a message signal Add the message information into the carrier General form of modulated signal:
s (t ) = A(t ) cos[2 f ct + (t )] where cos(2 f ct) : carrier f c : carrier frequency s( t) : modulate d signal
2.2 AM Modulation
AM
The amplitude of carrier wave is varied about a mean value, linearly with message signal
Modulated signal
Carrier: c(t ) = Ac cos(2 fc t ) Message signal: m(t ) AM modulated signal
s (t ) = Ac [1 + ka m(t )]cos(2 fc t )
Important Parameters
s (t ) = Ac [1 + ka m(t )]cos(2 fc t )
A good AM requires:
1) carrier frequency: f c ? W (message signal bandwdith) 2) percentage modulation: ka m(t ) < 1, for any t .
Example 5.2 AM signals. Modulate a 1 Hz single-tone sinusoidal message signal onto a 10 Hz carrier. Examine the over-modulation case.
Spectrum of AM signal
S ( f ) = FT[ Ac cos(2 fc t )] + FT[ Ac ka m(t ) cos(2 fc t )] Ac ka Ac = [ ( f f c ) + ( f + fc )] + [ M ( f fc ) + M ( f + fc )] 2 2
where M ( f ) = FT[m(t )]
Bandwidth of AM signal BT = 2W
AM signals bandwidth is twice message bandwidth This is also transmitted signal bandwidth Negative frequency contents of m(t) becomes visible in positive frequency fc f fc + W Upper sideband (USB): f c W f fc Lower sideband (LSB):
Transmission power:
PT = PM + Pcarrier = PUSB + PLSB + Pcarrier
Exercise 5.3
For the AM signal spectrum pictured in the figure below, calculate
The message signal frequency fm The magnitude of the upper sideband The bandwidth Percentage modulation
Exercise 5.4
A single-tone modulated signal is shown below. The envelope has maxima 18 and minima 2.
What is the carrier amplitude Ac? What is the percentage modulation?
Exercise 5.5
An AM modulation with carrier frequency fc=540 kHz, carrier amplitude Ac=20. Message signal is single tone with fm=10kHz, whose amplitude Am can make the carrier amplitude changing +/-7.5 around Ac=20 20.
What is percentage modulation? Find the modulated signal.
Exercise 5.6
The first channel in AM broadcast has carrier fc=540 kHz. FCC standards admit maximum message signal frequency fm=W=5 kHz. Determine
Frequency limits for the upper and lower sidebands Transmission bandwidth Sketch the spectrum of AM signal.
Conclusions
Overview of continuous wave modulations
Concepts List of modulation techniques checkpoints for study them
AM modulation
Signal waveform, spectrum Parameters, bandwidth