ROTARY INSTRUMENTATION

1728 1871 1874 1914 1942 1947 Hand rotated instruments Foot Engine Electric engine Dental unit Diamond Cutting instruments Tungsten carbide 300 rpm 700 1000 5000 5000 10000

ROTARY INSTRUMENTATION
1953
1955 1955

Ball bearing hand piece

Water turbine H P Belt driven angle HP

25000
50000 150000

1957
1961 1962 1994

Air Turbine Angle H P

Air turbine St H P Air bearing H P Contemporary air turbine HP

250000
250000 800000 300000

OTHER IMPROVEMENTS
Smaller head size
More torque control

Low noise level

Better chucking mechanism

Better cooling system

Most modern H P have fiber optic light at the cutting tip

OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
LASER
A crystal or gas is excited to emit light photons of

characteristic wavelength that are amplified and filtered

to make a coherent light beam.

Power of the beam and the extend to which the beam is

absorbed determines the effect

LASER TYPES
A Infra red CO2
Ho : YAG Long wave length

Nd : YAG
B C Visible Range Ultra violet He & Ne Visible wave length Short

Xe F , Xe Cl, Kr F, Ar F Excimers

Special U V wave length

OTHER CUTTING DEVICES

Air abrasion 1950 Arthur Black

Contemporary Air Abrasion techniques rely on transfer of kinetic energy from a steam of powder particles on the surface of the tooth structure to fracture the surface layer resulting in roughness .
Energy depends on the powder particles, pressure angulation, surface composition and clearance angle .

[ 60 To 90 with 3 . 5 mm distance ]

ROTARY INSTRUMENTS
CHARACTERISTICS SPEED Rpm and also surface feet area of contact per unit time of the cutting tool with the work

ultra low low speed medium high high speed ultra high

300 3000 20000 45000 100000

to 3000 to 6000 to 45000 to 100000 and above

PRESSURE
Resultant of force and the surface area of the cutting tool in contact with the tooth . P = F/ A When pressure is constant more force required to cut Smaller area & vice versa. Force constant small tools require more pressure And vice versa

HEAT PRODUCTION
Directly proportional to

a. Pressure
b. RPM

c. Area of the tooth in contact with the

tool

Increase in any one of these increases heat .

Max

tolerable temperature 113 o F

VIBRATION
Product of the equipment used and the speed Causes fatigue for operator , wear of Instrument, and annoyance for patient .

Amplitude & modulating frequency are responsible for vibration

Low speed amplitude is large than frequency High speed frequency larger. Amplitude is more harmful

VIBRATION CNTD
Vibration waves are 6000RPM vibrational measured in cycles wave 100 cycles / sec

Most annoying to patient & operator 100,000 RPM 1600 cycles

Vibrations above 1300 is not perceptible . Vibrations are in different directions

FORCE REQUIRED
Low speed High speed 2 to 1 lb 1 to 4 ounces force 5 lbs

Ultra high speed

ANNOYANCE

FACTOR

Subjective reaction of the patient to tooth preparation pressure , vibration noise recorded through the bone heat , the smell generated finally the time taken and

OTHER FACTORS

Patient reaction

Operator fatigue Source of power

FACTORS RELATED
Vibration & Noise
Coarseness of the bur,speed & size

Small tool & high speed reduce vibration

Heat & Smell

Depends on the adequacy of

lubrication

INSTRUMENTS
Discussed under 1 Hand piece

DESIGN

2 headings

Which holds the cutting tool 2 Cutting tool

HAND PIECES
Holds cutting tool in 3 ways

LATCH

TYPE FRICTION GRIP

SCREW

TYPE

EVALUATION OF HANDPIECE
FRICTION Moving parts have friction producing heat Reduced by ball bearings needle bearings or Resin bearings TORQUE On the rotating tool without reduction in Ability of the H P to resist lateral pressure speed or cutting efficiency . VIBRATION

CUTTING TOOLS

Effect cutting in 2 ways

CUTTING ABRADING

Burs Stones & Diamond

BUR
BUR is a minute milling unit with or flutes

cutting edges

Available in assorted sizes &

shapes

ISO has assigned a classification for bur which is globally accepted

I S O IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
a. Material of working part
b. Type of shank

806
031

c.Length of bur
d.Shape of bur head

019
168

e.Color code in case of diamond

f.Bur head diameter

534
014

a .

a. b. c. d. e. f.

Steel TC Diomond Latch, friction Length Shape Colour code Bur head diameter

804 031 019 168 534 014

Cut from a steel blank with rotary cutter. Tempered to a VHN of 800 T C burs are made by powder metallurgy It is partial alloying TC powder is mixed with powdered Cobalt Under pressure in vacuum resulting in Partial alloying or sintering A blank is formed which is cut to shape V H N 1650 to 1700

DESIGN FEATURES OF BUR

Bur tooth Face Back on the leading edge on the trailing edge

RAKE ANGLE

Angle formed by the face of the bur with the radial line Positive Negative Radial rake or Zero rake

LAND
The flat surface or plane immediately following the cutting edge

CLEARANCE ANGLE
Angle between the back and the work Primary clearance angle the angle the land will make with the work Secondary clearance angle between the back and the work When the back of the flute is curved the clearance angle is called Radial Clearance BLADE ANGLE angle between face & back FLUTE SPACE space between back and face

CUTTING EFFICIENCY OF BUR

RAKE ANGLE
+ ve efficient cutting than - ve Cut chips are larger in + ve smaller in - ve Steel bur it is disadvantage . Reduce bulk of flute . So bends or fractures .

So + ve is better suited for T C burs

CLEARANCE ANGLE

If clearance angle is less back rubs with the work Resulting in frictional force and dulling of flutes Large clearance reduces chance of dulling

NUMBER OF FLUTES
Standard 6 or 8

Reduced flutes chip size removed is greater

Chances of clogging less, wear more Fissure burs with straight flutes less heat than spirals due to larger chip removal

Fewer flutes vibration more . Reduced by Ensuring 2 or more flutes in contact at a time

RUN OUT
Eccentricity or maximum displacement of the bur head from its axis of rotation while the bur turns Average accepted value is 0 .023 mm Run out depends on the bur & the hand piece

When run out exceeds the average value cutting is ineffective and operator exerts more force resulting in vibration and heat generation

OTHER FEATURES
a. Heat treatment b. Design of flutes c. Bur diameter Star & Revelation better in direct cutting

forces on the bur tooth depends on the number of flutes and the rotational position and not on the diameter of the bur low speed 1000 gm or 2 lbs high speed 60 to 120 gm 2 to 4 ounce

d. Load