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STRESS:
Stress of a material is the Internal Resistance per unit area to
the deformation caused by applied load
STRAIN:
Strain is unit deformation under applied load
O-A
represents the stress is directly proportional to strain, and point A is known as Proportional Limit. represents Elastic Limit - Beyond which the material will not return to its original shape when unloaded
Point B
Point C
represents yield point - Point at which an appreciable elongation or yielding of the material without any corresponding increase in load
represents ultimate stress or strength represents rupture strength
Point D Point E
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Stress Analysis is a term used to calculate stresses generated in the elements due to various Internal & External forces Piping Stress Analysis is a term applied to calculation, which address the static & dynamic loading resulting from the effects of gravity, temperature change, Internal/ External pressure, change in fluid flow rate, wind/ seismic activity. Codes & standards establish the minimum requirements of stress analysis.
Safety of plants Safety of environment Safety of piping & piping components Safety of connected equipment and supporting structure Piping deflections are within the limits Equipment Design Structural design
ASME B 31.1 - Power piping design ASME B 31.3 - Process Piping ASME B 31.4 - Cross country liquid transportation pipeline ASME B 31.5 - Refrigerant Piping ASME B 31.8 - Cross country gas transportation pipeline
ASME B 31.1
Plants have plant life of 20 to 30 years Factor of safety 3:1 Lower pipe thickness for the same condition Relative Low plant cost Chemical plants designed with this code as if fails only affect few people hence high reliability not required
Plants have plant life of about 40 years Factor of Safety 4:1 Higher pipe thickness for the same condition Relative high plant cost Power plants require high reliability hence design as per this code. All steam Piping is designed as per this code even in Chemical plant
Modes of Failure
FAILURE BY FRACTURE
Body fails without undergoing yielding
BRITTLE FRACTURE
Occurs in brittle material
FATIGUE
Due to cyclic condition, a small crack grows after each cycle & results
in sudden failure
Stress is defined as ratio of Force to Area Consider a cube taken out of pipe The origin of principle axis system is at the centre of the cube Each force acting on the cube can be trigonometrically reduced to force components represented by vectors, acting on each principle axis. The resultant of the component of each force acting on the cube, divided by the area of the cube face is called PRINCIPLE STRESS Radial
When two or more Principle stresses act at a point on a pipe, a SHEAR STRESS will be generated.
Ex. Pipe support - where radial stress caused by supporting member acts in in combination with the Longitudinal bending caused by pipe overhang
Theories of Failure
Stress Catagories
PRIMARY STRESSES
Developed by Imposed loading and are necessary to satisfy the
equilibrium between external & internal forces & moments of the piping system. Primary stresses are not self limiting. As long as the load is applied, the stress will be present and will not diminish with time or as deformation takes place The failure mode is gross deformation progressing to rupture Ex. Circumferantial stress due to internal pressure & Longitudinal bending stress due to gravity
SECONDARY STRESSES
Developed by the constraint of displacements of a structure.
These displacements are caused by thermal expansion or by outwardly imposed restraints and anchor point movements. Secondary stresses are self limiting Stress condition will developing a piping system, local yielding will occur, thus reducing these stresses Failure mode is crack initiation & propagation through the pressure boundary resulting in a leak
PEAK STRESSES
Caused by discontinuities or abrupt changes in a pipe wall,
when a pipe is subjected to primary or secondary stress Stress concentration points which can cause crack initiation contributing to a Fatigue failure
Classification of Loads
PRIMARY LOADS
Sustained Loads
Loads expected to be present through out the plant operation Ex. Pressure, Weight
Occasional Loads
Loads are expected at infrequent intervals during plant operation Ex. Earthquake, Wind
EXPANSION LOADS
Loads are due to displacement of piping Ex. Thermal expansion, Seismic anchor movements, Building
settlement
Allowable Stress of Material is based on a function of the yield or Tensile strength at cold to moderate temperatures or based on creep rates or stress for rupture in elevated temperature service Sc - Allowable stress at COLD condition, which includes cryogenic service or Ambient installed temperature for elevated temperature service Sh - allowable stress in HOT operating condition, which would be the Design temperature for elevated temperature service or Ambient for cold or cryogenic service
The basis of these values, at temperatures below the creep range, is the lowest of the following,
1/3 of specified minimum tensile strength at room temperature 1/3 of tensile strength at temperature 2/3 of specified minimum yield strength at room temperature 2/3 of yield strength at temperature (For Austenitic SS and Nickel alloys, this value may be as large as 90 % of yield strength at temperature)
DESIGN PRESSURE
Defined as most severe sustained pressure which results in the
greatest component thickness and highest component pressure rating
DESIGN TEMPERATURE
Defined as the sustained pipe metal temperature representing
the most severe conditions of coincident pressure and temperature
VIBRATION
In vibrating system, the stress concern is HIGH CYCLE, LOW
STRESS. However guidance presented in code for checking cyclic stress levels is based on LOW CYCLE, HIGH STRESS. Hence can not be used for Vibrating Piping system A separate method of using SE with Design Fatigue Curves for material shall be used to determine the same SA is based on the no. of thermal or equivalent cycles the system will experience in the plant life. Code tabulates Stress range reduction factor f. f ranges from 1 for 7000 cycles or less to 0.3 for 200,000 cycles Basis of 7000 cycle is one cycle per day for 20 years
Governing Equations
Governing Equations
Governing Equations
Sb = resultant bending stress St = Torsional stress
Governing Equations
Initial Steps
Review of BEP and any other clients requirement/ Local statutory requirements related to stress analysis and piping design Preparation of Design basis Preparation of stress critical line list
Refer to PIP 209 - KPGI procedure for preparing stress critical
lines Considerations are,
Criticality from temperature point of view Criticality from size point of view Criticality from connected equipment point of view Criticality from Pressure relief/ Vibration point of view Criticality from Earthquake/ Wind or any other occasional load point of view
Prerequisite Data
Design Steps
Initial setting of Caesar configuration file for the project and shall not change on a project Review the stress sketch from following angles, All the components of P & I D are marked on the sketch Piping specification is identified correctly All probable support locations are marked Visual review of line to find some obvious reasons because of which it will not
work and needs re routing
Feed the geometry in the program Apply correct physical parameters such as pressure, temperature, density. Build various cases of analysis based on stress critical line list Result checking, Check stresses Check Nozzle loads Check support loads and deflection
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If all found OK clear line to layout and document the results If not found OK, adjust in supports to make it OK If still not found OK, go back to layout and get revised possible routing & rerun At the end of the project, final line configuration need to be checked with the stress model.
Fabricated equipment nozzle loads depends upon the diameter of, thickness, material of construction and design code of equipment. At the start of the project acceptable equipment nozzle load table for the project shall be obtained from fabricated equipment group. The nozzle loads given are based on nozzle size, rating of the flange, type of equipment. The nozzle loads are given at the nozzle to shell/ dish end junction and not at flange. The nozzle loads are considered as local loads at the junction while designing the equipment except in few cases of large nozzles. The local stresses on nozzle/ shell junction are checked by using WRC 107 or WRC 297 design codes.
Nozzle loads exceeding the table value shall be given for approval to fabricated equipment group
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Proprietary equipment nozzle loading data is generally available from equipment supplier. However some of the proprietary equipment are designed and constructed as per International codes and are having standard acceptable nozzle loading given in the code. Still before proceeding with design it need to be confirmed from vendor Some of the acceptable nozzle loading are, Centrifugal Pumps Steam Turbines Centrifugal Compressor Reciprocating compressor Reciprocating Pumps Air Fin cooler Fired Heater Reforming furnace Large storage tanks Any other proprietary equipment
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API 610 NEMA SN 23 API 617 Vendor to give Vendor to give API 661 Vendor to give Vendor to give API 650 Vendor to give
What Next?
Read following ASME B 31.1 & ASME B 31.3 - Design section Design of Piping System - M W Kellogg Piping Stress Calculation Simplified - S W Spielvogel PIP 203 - Stress analysis guideline of KPGI PIP 209 - KPGI guideline for deriving stress critical line list Caesar II - Design manual Manual calculation using charts given in M W Kellogg book for following, L shape - Legs & anchor load calculation Symmetrical expansion loop - Legs & anchor load calculation Guided Cantilever Pipe span v/s stress generated Feed a sample line and do analysis. Compare it with previously analysed results.
Thank You