V1 ? V2 ?

Simple Arithmetic
A B +______ CC 5 6 +______ operator 1 1 source 1 source 2

result overflow

How a processor does the work?

1, intermediate overflow, overflow

0101 0110 +_______ 1011

How a processor does the work?

overflow
1

0101 0111 +_______ 1100

How a processor does the work?

not gate

overflow
1 1

0101 0111 +_______ 1100

How a processor does the work?

a3 a2 a1 a0
Command, t-1 Command, t

Process controller b3 b2 b1 b0 c r3 r2 r1 r0 Overflow, carry

Command t+1

How a processor does the work?

not gate

overflow
1 1

Command, t
activation

0101 0111 +______ 1100

no activation

How a processor does the work?

source
Command, t-1 Command, t Command t+1

Process controller

destination

How a processor does the work?

Memory,2
..

Memory,1
.. Command, t-1 Command, t Command,t+1 Program Counter

source Process controller c

Data, n Data, n+1 ..

Command

..
..

destination

Memory,1
.. Command, t-1 Command, t Command,t+1

How a processor does the work? v v source v Process controller v c

Memory,2
.. Data, n Data, n+1 ..

Program Counter

Command

..
..

destination
v

v v

How a processor does the work?

v source v Process controller v v c v
.. Data, n Data, n+1 ..

Memory,2

Memory,1
.. Command, t-1 Command, t Command,t+1

v
Program Counter

Command

..
..

destination
v

How a processor does the work?

clk
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) for Processing
ADRESS BUS DATA BUS System Main Control Program Counter, PC Instruction Status Register, SR

Accumulator, ACC

Stack Pointer
Embeded Internal Hardware Input/Output I/O

.. xx yy zz vv .. ..

Memory

How a processor does the work?

clk
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) for Processing
ADRESS BUS Control Bus DATA BUS System Main Control Program Counter, PC Instruction Status Register, SR

Accumulator, ACC

Stack Pointer
Embeded Internal Hardware Input/Output I/O

.. xx yy zz vv .. ..

Memory

How a processor does the work? , MICROCODE

Ts, machine clock period

Microcode clock period, Ts/N

Just an ADD Command

PC calculates the next instruction adresses ALU writes the results to destinations and stored ALU and control unit executes the command ALU receives the datas Instruction is decoded and data sources are decided Instruction is fetched to ALU and control unit Instruction register recives the data from memory PC fetches the adress of command to adress bus

Code Flow
video

Microprocessor System
CPU, Central Processing Unit PC Stack Pointer Control Unit

ACC Status Register Memory I/O Memory

Busses Busses

ALU

External Busses Keybord Display Control Plant Sensors xxxxx yyyy

How a processor does the work? , ADD

ADD source1,source2, destination ADD source,destination 27 instruction requires, five bits of OP code Essentially 5 bits of OP code can represents 25=32 instructions

How a processor does the work? , RISC Means

Reduced Instruction Set Computer, RISC opcode, adress of source, adress of destination 5 bits, N bits, N bits

CISC, Complex Instruction Set Computers via microcodes

Most operations of a CPU involve only 20% of the available microcode instructions, which is advantages of CISC

RISC Chips
Less expensive to produce More reliable Faster processing
Fewer microcode steps Use Pipelining