PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION

BLOOD VESSELS
Brandon Thomson | Chelsea Thomson Bio 221

Functions

Carry Blood Exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases Transportation Regulate Blood Pressure Direct Blood Flow

Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries

Large Elastic Arteries

Muscular Arteries Arterioles

Capillaries

Continuous Capillaries
Fenestrated Capillaries Sinusoidal Capillaries

Veins

Medium & Large Veins

Venules & Small Veins

General Structure

Arteries & Veins

Tunica Interna Endothelium, Areolar, Internal Elastic Membrane *

Tunica Media Elastic Fibers, Collagen Fibers, Smooth Muscle * Vasomotor Tone Tunica Externa Connective Tissue, Nerve Fibers, Lymphatic Tissue Vaso Vasorum

Capillaries

Tunica Interna Endothelium, Areolar, Internal Elastic Membrane

General Structure
Artery vs. Vein

Vessels Histology

Vessels Histology

Arteries

Large Elastic Arteries

Largest arteries 1cm to 2.5cm in diameter *

Includes aorta and its major branches * Often referred to as conducting arteries Thick walls, lots of elastin to dampen surge of BP

Closest to the heart

Function

Carry blood rapidly away from heart Maintain BP throughout cardiac cycle Withstand and distribute fluctuations in pressure

Arteries

Muscular Arteries

Diameter ranges from 1cm to 0.3mm *

Often referred to as distributing arteries * Thick tunica media with lots of smooth muscle * Distal to elastic arteries

Function

Control flow of blood to organs Active in vasoconstriction

Arteries

Arterioles

Smallest arteries - become smaller as the approach capillary

Diameters range from 0.3mm to 10m Endothelium & 1 to 2 layers of smooth muscle Function

Distribute blood to tissues within organs

Major controller of blood flow into capillaries

Capillaries

Capillaries

Smallest Blood Vessel 8 to10 m in diameter

Tunica interna; no tunica media or tunica externa Consists of endothelium and scattered pericapillary cells Red blood cells pass through in single file

Function

Facilitate exchange blood between blood and tissue

Site-specific functions of capillaries

Lungs oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves

Small intestines receive digested nutrients

Endocrine glands pick up hormones Kidneys removal of nitrogenous wastes

Capillaries

Continuous Capillaries

No gaps between cells between endothelial cells Less permeable to large molecules Clefts allow for the passage of fluids Found in

Skin Muscle Nervous tissue

Make up the blood brain barrier

Capillaries

Fenestrated Capillaries

Pores between endothelial cells

Higher permeability than other capillaries Found where absorption or filtration is required

Small intestine Kidney Endocrine glands Ciliary process of the eye Choriod plexus

Capillaries

Sinusoidal Capillaries

Modified fenestrated capillaries

Gaps between endothelial cells; or large fenestra Allow large molecules to pass between blood and tissue

Proteins Blood cells

Liver Bone marrow Endocrine glands

Found in

Lymphoid tissue

Capillaries

Venous Sinus

Similar to sinusoidal capillary, but larger in diameter

Large gaps between endothelial cells

Function

Collect blood under low pressure

Primarily in spleen Heart (Coronary Sinus) Brain (Dural Sinus)

Found in

Capillaries

Veins

Very little smooth muscle or elastin Tunica externa is thickest tunic Blood pressure is much lower than in arteries Act as reservoir for blood - 65% of blood is in veins Gradually increase in size and thickness Carry blood from capillaries toward the heart

Venule Small vein Medium vein Large vein Heart

Veins

Venules

Endothelium resting on basement membrane

Collect blood from capillaries and transport to small veins Allow fluid and WBCs to pass from blood to tissues

Small Veins

Scattered smooth muscle cells

Tunica externa composed of collagenous CT Transport from venules to medium veins

Medium & Large Veins

Very little smooth muscle Thicker tunica externa Transport from venules to medium veins

Capillary Network

Arteriole >

Metarteriole > Thoroughfare channel > Precapillary sphincter > Arterial capillaries> Venous capillaries > Venule

Capillary Network

Circulatory Patterns

Overview

Pulmonary Circulation

Heart to lungs and back to heart Heart to body tissues and back to heart Hypophyseal Portal System Coronary Circulation Hepatic Portal System Cerebral Circulation

Systemic Circulation

Special Circulatory Patterns

Fetal Circulation

Circulatory Patterns

Pulmonary Circulation

Pattern

Blood from right ventricle to Right and left pulmonary arteries to Capillaries of lungs to Right and left pulmonary veins to Left atrium Take ________ blood from heart to lungs Bring ________ blood from lungs to heart

Function

Pulmonary Circulation

Circulatory Patterns

Systemic Circulation

Pattern

Blood from left ventricle to Aorta to Arteries

Large Elastic > Muscular > Arterioles

Capillaries of body tissue to

Superior and inferior vena cava; back to Right atrium Take ________ blood from heart Deliver it to ___________ , and Return _____________ blood to heart
Systemic Circulation Video

Function

Systemic Circulation
Arterial Circulation

Systemic Circulation
Venous Circulation

Circulatory Patterns

Special Circulatory Patterns

Hypophyseal Portal System

Blood and ________ from Hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

Coronary Circulation

Carry blood from aorta to __________

Hepatic Portal System

From intestines, pancreas, stomach and spleen to liver Veins converge to HPV > liver > hepatic veins > inferior vena cava

Cerebral Circulation

Carotid and vertebral arteries to brain Jugular veins drain blood from brain

Fetal Circulation

Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood to _______ Umbilical veins bring _______ blood from _______ to developing lungs