Metabolism of Carbohydrate

By Yudit Yulianinda (093194005)

catabolism of carbohydrates are divided into different main lines, that is:
Glycolysis

Hexose monophosphate shunt

Catabolism of carbohydrate

the entry of other sacchari des to glycolysis

glycogenolysis

Anabolism
gloconeogenesis

glicogenesis

Glycolysis

Glycolysis
Glycolysis (a sweet splitting process) is a central pathway for the catabolism of carbohydrates in which the six-carbon sugars are split to three-carbon compounds with subsequent release of energy used to transform ADP to ATP. Glycolysis can proceed under anaerobic (without oxygen) and aerobic conditions.

Process in liver
glycogen
Liver is the center of glucose metabolism In the liver, the process that occur is aerobic condition There is creb cycle because produce CO2,H2O In the liver, lactate is not formed by the pyruvate. lactate was taken to the liver and converted to pyruvate with Cori cycle
ATP

glucose
ATP

Pyruvate Lipid Sterol CO2,H2O

Process in blood
glucose
ATP

The glycolysis process occur in the cytoplasm, so the process that occur in anaerobic condition.

Pyruvate

Lactate

Process in muscle
glycogen

glucose ATP Pyruvate

In the muscle, the process that occur is in aerobic condition. There is Creb Cycle because produce CO2,H2O.
ATP

Lactate

CO2,H2O

 The similarity and difference between metabolism in liver, blood, and muscle:
In the muscle and liver, metabolism occur at mitochondria. But in the blood, metabolism occur at cytoplasm. In the blood and muscle, produce lactate from pyruvate. All of process that occur are glycolysis process. Creb Cycle occur in the liver and muscle because there is mitochondria. At liver, lactate is not formed by pyruvate.

The 10 reaction of glycolysis

Step 1: phosphorylation Step 2: isomerization Step 3: phosphorylation Step 4: cleavage Step 5: isomerization Step 6: oxidation (and phosphorylation) Step 7: transfer of phosphate group Step 8: isomerization Step 9: dehydration Step 10: transfer of phosphate group

Step 1:
The first step in glycolysis is phosphorylation of glucose by a family of enzymes called hexokinases to form glucose 6hosphate(G6P). Glucose phosphorylation catalysed by Hexokinase: -D-Glucose + ATP D-Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP + H+

Step 2
Isomerization of glucose6-phosphate catalyzed by Phosphoglucoisomerase: -D-Glucose-6-phosphate D-Fructose-6phosphate The glucose-6-phosphate is changed into an isomer, fructose-6-phosphate. This means that the number of atoms is unchanged, but their positions have changed.

Step 3
Second phosphorylation catalysed by Phosphofructokinase: D-Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP D-Fructose-1,6bisphosphate + ADP + H+

This highly spontaneous reaction has a mechanism similar to that of Hexokinase. The Phosphofructokinase reaction is the rate-limiting step of Glycolysis.

Step 4
Cleavage to two Triose phosphates catalyzed by Aldolase: D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + D-glyceroaldehyde-3phosphate The reaction is an aldol cleavage, the reverse of an aldol condensation. The six carbon fructose diphophate is spit into two three-carbon compounds, an aldehyde and a ketone.

Step 5
Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate catalyzed by Triose phosphate isomerase: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate D-glyceroaldehyde-3phosphate The dihydroxyacetone phosphate must be converted to glyceraldehyde-3phosphate to continue the glycolysis reactions. This reaction is an isomerization between the ketone group and an aldehyde group.

Step 6
Generation of 1,3Bisphosphoglycerate catalyzed byGlyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase: D-glyceroaldehyde-3phosphate + NAD+ + Pi 1,3Bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

step 7
Substrate-level phosphorylation, 3Phosphoglycerate catalyzed by Phosphoglycerate kinase: 1,3Bisphosphoglycerate + ADP 3Phosphoglycerate + ATP

Step 8
Phosphate transfer to 2Phosphoglycerate catalyzed by Phosphoglycerate mutase: 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate

Step 9
Synthesis of Phosphoenolpyruvate catalysed by Enolase: 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O

Step 10
Substrate-level phosphorylation. Pyruvate synthesis catalyzed by Pyruvate kinase: Phosphoenolpyruvate + H+ + ADP Pyruvate + ATP A final substrate-level phosphorylation now forms a molecule of pyruvate and a molecule of ATP by means of the enzyme pyruvate kinase.

Control point in glycolytic pathway

In the glycolysis, the three reactions as control point are step 1, step 3 and step 10.

 At liver, there are 2 enzyme to catalyzed reaction that is Hexokinase and glucokinase.
ATP + Glucose glucose-6-phosphate pyruvate
Hexokinase formation of glycogen by the enzyme glycogen sintase

If the production of glucose-6-phosphate is quite a lot it can made weaken the action of the enzyme. Glucose glucose-6-phosphate pyruvate
glucokinase excess glucose will change to glycogen, that encourage the formation of glycogen is the glycogen sintase enzyme.