COMPUTER STUDIES FIRST PART

Presented By JANNATUL FERDOUS

INDEX

Chapter 1 : Concepts of computer Chapter 2 : Operating system Chapter 3 : Document Processing & Page Makeup Chapter 4 : Digital Logic Chapter 5 : CPU & Memory Chapter 6 : Computer Architecture Chapter 7 : Input/Output Machine tools Chapter 8 : Program Design Chapter 9 : Q Basic Programming

Marks Distribution

Descriptive question : 4 question:

4*10=40 marks

Short question : 4
question: 4*5=20

Computer

Computer

A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed. Complex computers also include the means for storing data (including the program, which is also a form of data) for some necessary duration. A program may be invariable and built into the computer (and called logic circuitry as it is on microprocessors) or different programs may be provided to the computer (loaded into its storage and then started by an administrator or user). Today's computers have both kinds of programming.

Computer Characteristics
The characteristics of a computer are:

High speed of operation Decision making. Versatile. Obedient. Storage. Automatic.

Application of Computer

Applications Applications Applications Applications Applications Applications

of of of of of of

computer computer computer computer computer computer

in in in in in in

Education. Communication. Medical Sector. Industry. Business. Bangladesh

Classification of Computers

Computers are available in different shapes, sizes and weights, due to these different shapes and sizes they perform different sorts of jobs from one another. They can also be classified in different ways. All the computers are designed by the qualified computer architectures that design these machines as their requirements. Here we are going to introduce different classifications of computers one by one. We will discuss what are in classifications and what job they perform.

Classification of Computers

Super computer The biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is classified and known as super computer. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college. Governments specially use this type of computer for their different calculations and heavy jobs. Different industries also use this huge computer for designing their products. In most of the Hollywood's movies it is used for animation purposes. This kind of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide.

Classification of Computers
Mainframes

Another giant in computers after the super computer is Mainframe, which can also process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of data. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. This is normally to expensive and out of reach from a salary-based person who wants a computer for his home. This kind of computer can cost up to thousands of dollars.

Classification of Computers
Minicomputer

Personal computers

This computer is next in he line but less offers less than mainframe in work and performance. These are the computers, which are mostly preferred by the small type of business personals, colleges, etc. Almost all the computer users are familiar with the personal computers. They normally know what the personal computer is and what are its functions. This is the computer mostly preferred by the home users. These computers are lesser in cost than the computers given above and also, small in size; they are also called PCs in short for Personal computers. This computer is small in size and you can easily arrange it to fit in your single bedroom with its all accommodation. Today this is thought to be the most computer in all.

Classification of Computers

Having a small size and low weight the notebook is easy to carry to anywhere. A student can take it with him/her to his/her school in his/her bag with book. This is easy to carry around and preferred by students and business people to meet their assignments and other necessary tasks. The approach of this computer is also the same as the Personal computer. It can store the same amount of data and having a memory of the same size as that of a personal computer. One can say that it is the replacement of personal desktop computer.

Notebook computers

The Types Of Computers

Analog Computers: The analog computer is almost

an extinct type of computer these days. It is different from a digital computer in respect that it can perform numerous mathematical operations simultaneously. It is also unique in terms of operation as it utilizes continuous variables for the purpose of mathematical computation. It utilizes mechanical, hydraulic, or electrical energy or operation. Hybrid computers: These types of computers are, as the name suggests, a combination of both Analog and Digital computers. The Digital computers which work on the principle of binary digit system of 0 and 1 can give very precise results. But the problem is that they are too slow and incapable of large scale mathematical operation. In the hybrid types of computers the Digital counterparts convert the analog signals to perform Robotics and Process control.

Types of Computers
DIGITAL COMPUTER

A computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next. The states of a digital computer typically involve binary digits which may take the form of the presence or absence of magnetic markers in a storage medium (see memory), on-off switches or relays. In digital computers, even letters, words and whole texts are represented digitally. Unlike analog computers, digital computers can only approximate a continuum by assigning large numbers of digits to a state description and by proceeding in arbitrarily small steps.

Computer Generations

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes: The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry Very small capacity of storing information. Less reliability. They were very expensive to operate . Generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language . Examples : ABC, ENIAC, UNIVAC,IBM 650 etc.

Computer Generations

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in heir memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

Computer Generations
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors . Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Computer Generations
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user . these small computers became more powerful. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

Computer Generations
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today . The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input.

Number System

Computer uses the binary system. Any physical system that can exist in two distinct states (e.g., 0-1, on-off, hi-lo, yes-no, up-down, north-south, etc.) has the potential of being used to represent numbers or characters. Bit & Byte A binary digit is called a bit. There are two possible states in a bit, usually expressed as 0 and 1. A series of eight bits strung together makes a byte. With 8 bits, or 8 binary digits, there exist 2^8=256 possible combinations.

Number System

In the binary system, there can be only two choices for this number -- either a "0" or a "1". In the octal system, there can be eight possibilities: "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7". In the decimal system, there are ten different numbers that can enter the digit box: "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9". In the hexadecimal system, we allow 16 numbers: "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", and "F"..

Number System

As demonstrated by the following table, there is a direct correspondence between the binary system and the octal system, with three binary digits corresponding to one octal digit. Likewise, four binary digits translate directly into one hexadecimal digit. In computer usage, hexadecimal notation is especially common because it easily replaces the binary notation, which is too long and human mistakes in transcribing the binary numbers are too easily made

Number System

Base Conversion Table BIN OCT HEX DEC

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number System

BIN
1000
1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 10000

OCT
10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20

HEX
8
9 A B C D E F 10

DEC
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Conversion of Number system

Binary To Decimal: Examples: # (1001)2 =1*2^3 + 0*2^2 + 0*2^1 + 1*2^0

= 8+0+0+1 = (9)10

Converting decimal to binary

Continue downwards, dividing each new quotient by two and writing the remainders to the right of each dividend. Stop when the quotient is 0. 2)156 2)78 - 0 2)39 -1 2)19 -1 2)9 -1 2)4 -0 2)2 -0 2)1 -0 0 -1

Converting decimal to binary

Converting decimal to binary

.65 *2 1 .30 *2 0 .60
*2

1 .20 *2 0 .40 *2 0 .80

Converting octal to decimal

Octal Number System Base or radix 8 number system. 1 octal digit is equivalent to 3 bits. Octal numbers are 0 to7. (see the chart down below) Numbers are expressed as powers of 8. Conversion of octal to decimal ( base 8 to base 10) Example: convert (632)8 to decimal = (6 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (2 x 1) = 384 + 24 + 2 = (410)10

Conversion of decimal to octal

Conversion of decimal to octal ( base 10 to base 8) Example: convert (177)10 to octal 177 / 8 = 22 remainder is 1 22 / 8 = 2 remainder is 6 2 / 8 = 0 remainder is 2 Answer = 2 6 1 Note: the answer is read from bottom to top as (261)8, the same as with the binary case. Conversion of decimal fraction to octal fraction is carried out in the same manner as decimal to binary

Conversion of hex to decimal

Hexadecimal Number System

Base or radix 16 number system. 1 hex digit is equivalent to 4 bits. Numbers are 0,1,2..8,9, A, B, C, D, E, F. B is 11, E is 14 Numbers are expressed as powers of 16. 160 = 1, 161 = 16, 162 = 256, 163 = 4096.

Conversion of decimal to hex

Example: convert (4768)10 to hex. = 4768 / 16 = 298 remainder 0 = 298 / 16 = 18 remainder 10 (A) = 18 / 16 = 1 remainder 2 = 1 / 16 = 0 remainder 1 Answer: 1 2 A 0 Note: the answer is read from bottom to top , same as with the binary case. = 3840 + 64 + 12 + 0 = (3916)10

Binary addition

Binary addition It follows 4 rules.These are: 0+0 = 0 1+0 = 1 0+1 = 1 1+1 = 0( remain 1 in hand) As an example of binary addition we have, 101 +101 1010

Binary addition
a) To add these two numbers, we first consider the "ones" column and calculate 1 + 1, which (in binary) results in 10. We "carry" the 1 to the "tens" column, and the leave the 0 in the "ones" column. b) Moving on to the "tens" column, we calculate 1 + (0 + 0), which gives 1. Nothing "carries" to the "hundreds" column, and we leave the 1 in the "tens" column. c) Moving on to the "hundreds" column, we calculate 1 + 1, which gives 10. We "carry" the 1 to the "thousands" column, leaving the 0 in the "hundreds" column. Another example of binary addition: 1011 +1011 10110 Note in the "tens" column, we have 1 + (1 + 1), where the first 1 is "carried" from the "ones" column. Recall that in binary, 1 + 1 + 1 = 10 + 1 = 11

Binary addition
Another example of binary addition: 1011 +1011 10110

Note in the "tens" column, we have 1 + (1 + 1), where the first 1 is "carried" from the "ones" column. Recall that in binary, 1 + 1 + 1 = 10 + 1 = 11

Binary subtraction
Binary subtraction It follows 4 rules.These are:

0-0 1-0 1-1 0-1

= = = =

0 1 0 1( 1 remain in hand)

Let's first look at an easy example. 111 - 10 101

Binary subtraction
For 10 minus 1, 1 is borrowed from the "tens" column for use in the "ones" column, leaving the "tens" column with only 2. The following examples show "borrowing" in binary subtraction.

10 - 1 1

100 - 10 10

1010 - 110 100

THANK YOU ALL.