The Palompon Institute of Technology, a chartered state college is envisioned to be an institution in maritime, technological and teacher education and

allied courses in Northwestern Leyte and beyond.

To produce morally upright, academically prepared and competent technicians, technologists and educators in Northwestern Leyte, the region, and the country.

Make PIT an educational institution where students get trained to excel in their field of specialization through quality instruction, development-oriented research, need oriented research and production programs for accelerated socio-economic development and improved quality of life in Northwestern Leyte communities, the region and the country.

The College of Technology is committed to the common good by developing fully trained, highly skilled, productive, enlightened and morally upright individuals.

To produce highly skilled and competent technologists, technicians, craftsmen, and engineers imbued with managerial and entrepreneurial skills to respond to the needs of industries and stakeholders for national development and an improved quality of life.

1. To imbue students with the required knowledge, skills and attitudes in their respective areas of specialization for industrial employment; 2. To equip the students with managerial and entrepreneurial skills in preparation for selfemployment, and 3. To provide the students with industrial work.

IT 211 deals with the study of steam/geothermal power plants. This course is designed to provide the students a comprehensive understanding on the types, designs, and construction of steam/geothermal power plants. This course also introduces the fundamental principles on its various operating cycles useful to make them learn to calculate theoretical problems using tables, charts, and formulas.

A. GENERAL At the end of the semester, the students will be able to gain knowledge, skills and understanding on the basic design, construction, and operation of steam/geothermal power plants.

B. SPECIFIC After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
1. State the theory of heat transfer and its significance to steam production; 2. Identify various types of steam turbines and contrast its designs, construction, and operation; 3. Describe its basic operating principles using charts and drawings; 4. Solve theoretical problems through formulas;

5. Discuss various methods in the exploration & harnessing of geothermal sources; and 6. Fabricate a scale-model of a steam-power plant;

COURSE CONTENT: Basic Orientation Instrumentation Theory of Heat Transfer Boiler and Steam Turbine Steam Power Plant Cycle of Operation Geothermal Power Plant

PRESSURE GAUGE

PRESSURE GAUGE

PRESSURE GAUGE

MANOMETER

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

BASIC PARTS IN STEAM POWER PLANT:

BOILER STEAM TURBINE CONDENSER FEED WATER PUMP

BOILER
Is a container into which water can be fed and, by applying heat, evaporated continuously into steam.

STEAM GENERATOR/BOILER

CASING BURNER

FEEDWATER LINE

TYPES OF BOILERS: 1. Water-Tube (Tubulous) Boiler is a type of boiler in which the water is inside the tubes while the hot gases surround the tubes. 2. Fire-Tube (Tubular) Boiler is a type of boiler in which the hot gases pass inside the tubes while the water is outside the tubes.

STEAM TURBINE
Is an equipment comprising of a casing and a rotating element that receives high-pressure & high-temperature steam, and converts its energy into a useful mechanical energy.

CONDENSER
Is an equipment that converts vapor into liquid by the reduction of temperature.

FEEDWATER PUMP
Delivers water into the boiler.

EXERCISES:
Questions: 1. What is a boiler? 2. What are the two types of boilers? Explain each. 3. What is a Steam Turbine? 4. Describe in simple terms how pump works?

KEY ANSWERS:
1. Is a container into which water can be fed and, by applying heat, evaporated continuously into steam. 2. Water-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which water is inside the tubes while hot gases surrounds the tubes, while fire-tube boiler is a type of boiler where hot gases pass inside the tubes while water is outside the tubes.

3. Is an equipment comprising of a casing and a rotating element that receives high-pressure & high-temperature steam, and converts its energy into a useful mechanical energy. 4. Delivers water into the boiler.

Saturated or superheated steam enters the turbine at state 1, where it expands isentropically to the exit pressure at state 2. The steam is then condensed at constant pressure and temperature to a saturated liquid, state 3. The heat removed from the steam in the condenser is typically transferred to the cooling water. The saturated liquid then flows through the pump which increases the pressure to the boiler pressure (state 4), where the water is first heated to the saturation temperature, boiled and typically superheated to state 1. Then the whole cycle is repeated.

When steam leaves the turbine, it is typically wet. The presence of water causes erosion of the turbine blades. To prevent this, steam is extracted from high pressure turbine (state 2), and then it is reheated in the boiler (state 2') and sent back to the low pressure turbine.

 AIR (GAS) COMPRESSOR BURNER (COMBUSTION CHAMBER) EXPANSION TURBINE

BURNERS

TURBINE ROTOR

TURBINE ROTOR

Ambient air is drawn into the compressor, where it is pressurizeda theoretically isentropic process. The compressed air then runs through a combustion chamber, where fuel is burned, heating that aira constant-pressure process, since the chamber is open to flow in and out. The heated, pressurized air then gives up its energy, expanding through a turbine (or series of turbines)another theoretically isentropic process. Some of the work extracted by the turbine is used to drive the compressor.

The efficiency of a Brayton engine can be improved in the following manners:

REHEAT, wherein the working fluidin most cases airexpands through a series of turbines, then is passed through a second combustion chamber before expanding to ambient pressure through a final set of turbines. This has the advantage of increasing the power output possible for a given compression ratio without exceeding any metallurgical constraints. (Although use of an afterburner can also be referred to as reheat, it is a different process that increases power while markedly decreasing efficiency.)

INTERCOOLING, wherein the working fluid passes through a first stage of compressors, then a cooler, then a second stage of compressors before entering the combustion chamber. While this requires an increase in the fuel consumption of the combustion chamber, this allows for a reduction in the specific heat of the fluid entering the second stage of compressors, with an attendant decrease in the amount of work needed for the compression stage overall.

REGENERATION, wherein the still-warm postturbine fluid is passed through a heat exchanger to pre-heat the fluid just entering the combustion chamber. This allows for lower fuel consumption and less power lost as waste heat.

A Brayton engine also forms half of the combined cycle system, which combines with a rankine engine to further increase overall efficiency.

CONDENSER

PUMP

STEAM TURBINE

ELECTRIC GENERATORS

BOILER/ HEAT EXCHANGER GAS TURBINE

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF A COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

STEAM GENERATOR/BOILER

CASING BURNER

FEEDWATER LINE

Design Principles
In a steam power plant water is the working medium. In this case high pressure has to be employed which leads to bulky components. High cost of special alloys that endure high temperature limit practical steam temperature to 655C. For compact gas turbines this limitation does not apply and gas cycle firing temperature in excess of 1,200C is practicable. In the combined cycle plant the thermodynamic working cycle is operated between the high firing temperature and the ambient temperature at which low temperature waste heat can be disposed.

In a gas turbine set, composed primarily of a compressor, burner and the gas turbine proper, the input temperature to the gas turbine is relatively high (some 900C to 1,350C) but the output temperature of the flue gas is also relatively high (some 450C to 650C). Flue gas temperature is sufficient for production of steam in the second, steam cycle (Rankine cycle), with live steam temperature in the range of 420C to 580C. The lowest temperature of the steam cycle depends on the ambient temperature and the method of waste heat disposal, either by direct cooling by lake, river or sea water, or using cooling towers. Therefore, by combining both processes, high input temperatures and low output temperatures can be achieved and the power plant efficiency can be increased.

The output heat of the gas turbine flue gas is utilized to generate steam by passing it through a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and therefore is used as input heat to the steam turbine power.

Efficiency of CGT Plants:

The thermal efficiency of a combined cycle power plant is normally in terms of the net power output of the plant as a percentage of the lower heating value (LHV) or net calorific value (NCV) of the fuel. In the case of generating only electricity, power plant efficiencies of up to 59% can be achieved. In the case of combined heat and power generation, the efficiency can increase to about 85%.

Fuels for CGT Plants:

Typical combined cycle plants are powered by natural gas, although other sources of fuel can be used such as fuel oil or synthetic gas. Supplementary fuel may be natural gas, fuel oil or coal.

PICTORIAL VIEW OF TONGONAN GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

LEYTE GEOTHERMAL OPTIMIZATION PLANT (ORMAT)

TURBINE

GENERATOR

PRODUCTION WELLS TO INJECTION WELLS

BINARY PLANT

TURBINE

GENERATOR

PRODUCTION WELLS

FLASH PLANT
TO INJECTION WELLS

TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

Geothermal power is the use of geothermal heat for electricity generation. It is often referred to as a form of renewable energy, but because the heat at any location can eventually be depleted it technically may not be strictly renewable. Geothermal comes from the Greek words geo, meaning earth, and therme, meaning heat. Geothermal literally means "earth heat".

 Geothermal power is generated by mining

the earth's heat. In areas with high temperature ground water at shallow depths, wells are drilled into natural fractures in basement rock or into permeable sedimentary rocks. Hot water or steam flows up through the wells either by pumping or through boiling (flashing) flow. Experiments are in progress to determine if a fourth method, deep wells into "hot dry rocks", can be economically used to heat water pumped down from the surface.

A hot dry rock project in the United Kingdom was abandoned after it was pronounced economically unviable in 1989. HDR programs are currently being developed in Australia, France, Switzerland and Germany. Magma (molten rock) resources offer extremely high-temperature geothermal opportunities, but existing technology does not allow recovery of heat from these resources.

The Leyte Geothermal Optimization Project was designed to increase the output of existing plants in the Island of Leyte by 13.5%, without increasing the steam consumption or drilling new wells The 49 MW (net) ORMAT Project comprises of three ORMAT topping plant sections and of one bottoming cycle plant section and

was completed in November 1997

The topping plants consist of ORMAT back-pressure steam turbines that produce power while reducing the steam high pressure to the conditions required by the existing plants. The bottoming plant consists of a steam condensing cycle unit that uses low-pressure steam for power generation. The project was built in the framework of a Build Own-Operate- Transfer (BOOT) agreement and is owned and operated by Ormat Leyte Co. Ltd. After 10 years, ownership will be transferred to the Energy
Development Corporation (PNOC-EDC).

REFERENCES:
Morse, Frederick T. Power Plant Engineering in MKS Units. Copyright Litton Publishing Company. 1978 Dimagiba, Ely P. Mechanical Engineering and Review Review Manual. Cebu City 1990. Avallone, Baumeister. Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers. 8th Edition. Mc Graw Hill. 1978 Microsoft Encarta. Microsoft Encarta Reference Library. 2003

Carmichael, C. Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook. 12th Edition. Wiley Toppan. 1950 Elonka, Stephen M. & Higgins, Alex. Standard Boiler Room Questions & Answers. 3rd Edition. 1982 Graham, Frank D. Power Plant Engineers Guide. National Bookstore. 1974 Potter, Philip J. Power Plant Theory and Design. Ronald Press Company. 1959

Woodruff, Everett B., Lammers, Herbert B., & Lammers Lammers, Thomas F. Steam Plant Operation. 5th Edition. Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. 1984