Electronic

PRINCIPLES
SIXTH EDITION

MALVINO

Operational Amplifiers

Chapter 18

The typical op amp has a differential input and a single-ended output. +VCC Diff amp More stages of gain Class B push-pull emitter follower

-VEE

Op amp symbol and equivalent circuit Symbol Noninverting +VCC input Inverting input Rout Rin v2 AOL(v1-v2) -VEE

Output

Equivalent circuit v1 vout

The 741 op amp is an industry standard. v1 Rin v2 Rin = 2 M Iin(bias) = 80 nA funity = 1 MHz Rout = 75 Iin(off) = 20 nA CMRR = 90 dB AOL = 100,000 Vin(off) = 2 mV Rout AOL(v1-v2) vout

Bode plot of the 741 op amp

100 dB 80 dB 60 dB 40 dB 20 dB 0 dB 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 20 dB/decade rolloff

funity

741C pinout and offset nulling

+VCC RB 2 3 7 6 5 Adjust for null

RB

10 k -VEE

The internal frequency compensation capacitor found in most op amps also limits the rate at which the output can change.

SR = 0.5 V/s (for the 741)

Slew rate distortion

Slope > SR

When a signal exceeds the slew-rate of an op amp, the output becomes distorted and amplitude limited.

dv dv > dt dt t

The rate of voltage change (slope) is directly related to both amplitude and frequency:

SS = 2 fVp
dv dv > dt dt t The power bandwidth of an op amp is given by:

SR fmax = 2 fVp

The inverting amplifier

R2 R1

The negative feedback produces a virtual ground at the inverting terminal.

A virtual ground is a short for voltage but an open for current.

Analyzing the inverting amplifier

R2 R1 vin iin vout vin = iinR1 and vout = iinR2 vout R2 ACL = v = R1 in zin(CL) = R1 iin

Negative feedback increases the closed-loop bandwidth.

100 dB 80 dB 60 dB 40 dB 20 dB 0 dB 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz

f2(CL)

funity ACL

Negative feedback reduces error

V1err = (RB1 - RB2)Iin(bias) V2err = (RB1 + RB2)Iin(off)/2 V3err = Vin(off) Verror = ACL( V1err V2err V3err) V1err eliminated with resistor compensation Use offset nulling in demanding applications

Resistor compensation for V1err

R2 R1 vin RB2 = R1 R2

vout

RB2 has no effect on the virtual-ground approximation since no signal current flows through it.

The noninverting amplifier

R2

The negative feedback produces a virtual short.

R1

A virtual short is a short for voltage but an open for current.

Analyzing the noninverting amplifier

vout vin i1 vin = i1R1 and vout = i1(R2+R1) vout R2+R1 R2 +1 = ACL = v = R1 R1 in zin(CL) R2

i1

R1

The summing amplifier

v1 v2 R1 R2 RF

vout

RF v1 + vout = R1

RF v2 R2

The voltage follower

Rhigh vin vout

The virtual short tells us vout = vin ACL = 1 zin(CL) zout(CL) 0 f2(CL) = funity

Rlow

Other than the 741

BIFET op amps offer extremely low input currents. High-power op amps supply amperes of output current. High-speed op amps slew at tens or hundreds of volts/s and some have hundreds of MHz of bandwidth. Precision op amps boast small offset errors and low temperature drift.

Other linear ICs

Audio amps in the mW range optimized for low noise (preamplifiers) Audio amps in the watt range for driving loudspeakers Video amps with wide bandwidths RF and IF amps for receiver applications Voltage regulators