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Mohammed Danish
Topics to be covered
What is power plant Working Principle
But currently do not produce much electricity as compared to steam Power plant
400 W
Turbine
Condenser Pump
Types of Steam
There are several types of steam, and these areas followsSteam Wet
Saturated steam
Superheated Steam Steam which is at a temperature above the temperature of boiling water at that pressure. Therefore, Superheated steam is always "Dry Steam. Superheated Steam is a clear, colorless gas
Steam Generator
A closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated under pressure Is called Steam generator or mainly Boiler It consists of two principal parts The furnace, which provides heat, usually by burning a fuel The boiler proper, a device in which the heat changes water into steam
Steam Turbines
Steam turbines are devices which convert the energy stored in steam coming from boiler into rotational mechanical energy energy as it expands through a series of nozzles mounted on the casing or produced by the fixed blades . These machines are widely used for the generation of electricity
Normally there are two most common types of Steam turbines 1. Impulse type.
2. Reaction type
Impulse Turbine
The basic idea of an impulse turbine is that a jet of steam from a fixed nozzle pushes against the rotor blades and impels them forward. The velocity of the steam is about twice as fast as the velocity of the blades. Only turbines utilizing fixed nozzles are classified as impulse turbines
Reaction Turbine
A reaction turbine utilizes a jet of steam that flows from a nozzle on the rotor. n a reaction turbine, unlike in an impulse turbine, the nozzles that discharge the working fluid are attached to the rotor. The acceleration of the fluid leaving the nozzles produces a reaction force on the pipes, causing the rotor to move in the opposite direction to that of the fluid. The pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the rotor blades
Impulse turbine
Reaction turbine
Reaction turbine
Electric Generators
A generator is a huge magnet that is turned by the turbine. As the magnet turns inside a coil of wire, electricity is produced
Condensers
The function of the condenser is to condense exhaust steam from the steam turbine by rejecting the heat of vaporization to the cooling water passing through the condenser. A typical power plant condenser has the following functional arrangement.
Solar
Disadvantages
Not sustainable
Produces more carbon dioxide (CO2) per Watt-hour of energy than any other generation method The methods of mining coal can be very destructive, although responsible coal miners do a remarkably good job of restoring the land after the coal has been mined out. Very large quantities of ash have to be disposed of A lot of smoke is produced
Oil
Advantages: Low cost
Natural Gas
Advantages: Low cost
Coolant water
Steam Generator Steam Turbine
Fission Reaction
1. Neutron strikes unstable nucleus of Uranium 235 2. Nucleus splits releasing large amount of energy Further neutrons are also released
3.
Nuclear waste
During fission, very harmful radiation rays are released. The most harmful of which are gamma rays. When the human body is exposed to radiation, it can cause tumours and can do extreme damage to the reproductive organs. For this reason, problems associated with radioactivity can be passed on to the victim's children as well. That is why radioactive waste produced by nuclear power plants is so dangerous
Disadvantages
Risk of major accidents - an example of the worst possible situation is what happened to Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (which did not have a conventional containment building) Nuclear waste - high level radioactive waste produced can remain dangerous for thousands of years if not reprocessed. Plutonium produced from nuclear reactions can be used to make nuclear bombs, aiding nuclear proliferation High initial costs High energy inputs during construction (equivalent to ~7 years power output) High maintenance costs Security concerns High cost of decommissioning plants Thermal pollution (although all power plants emit thermal pollution)
Turbine selection is based primarily on available head & flow. Other considerations include how deep the turbine must be set, efficiency, and cost.
flow
1400 1800 years ago, in the Middle East 800 900 years ago in Europe 140 years ago, water-pumping wind mills 70 years ago, electric power