Various Techniques For Waste Water Treatment

ECOSAN Technique for

Waste Water Treatment

What does sanitation include?

Safe collection, storage, treatment and recycling of human excreta (faeces and urine) and sewage effluents Drainage and disposal (re-use, recycling) of household grey water Management/recycling of (organic) solid wastes Treatment and disposal/ recycling of drainage of storm water
Source:(3)

Problems we currently face: Not working Sanitation

Users not involved in sanitation decisions Users do not acknowledge importance of sanitation Sanitation not adapted to local conditions No sense of ownership by the people No or insufficient maintenance

Sanitation systems are

working improperly or not at all

Problems we currently face: Unimproved Sanitation

People dont like using smelly toilets Toilets are not hygienic Toilets are a health risk

Safe and healthy

sanitation not ensured

PIT LATRINE

Pit Latrine : (Ground)-water pollution

On-site wastewater disposal systems like pit latrines or soak pits can contaminate groundwater (infiltration of wastewater) when the groundwater table is high

Health risk: Polluted well-water

Source: (4)

Problems with Flush Toilets waste water

With conventional waterborne flush-toilets, we mix Roughly 50 kg of faecal matter (per person/year)
50 kg 500 L

Roughly 500 l of urine (per person/year)

With roughly 20,000l of clean flush water*

20,000 L

If this wastewater is discharged untreated into rivers, an even higher amount of water is polluted
*Based on the Swiss average for a toilet that uses about 8 L of Water per flush (5).

Problem of Conventional Waterborne Sanitation

These are flush and forget sanitation solutions, where human wastes are flushed away with huge amounts of scarce freshwater, polluting rivers and the drinking water of people living further downstream.

What happens at the end of the pipe?

Source: (6),(10)

What happens at the end of the pipe?

If we are very lucky, there might be a state of the art conventional Sewage Treatment Plant:

Which will need:

Long sewer network & pumps to get the wastewater to the plant Electricity for aeration, pumps and other moving parts Skilled (and thus expensive) operation & maintenance staff

Backup generator for power cuts

Diesel for generator

Who will pay for this?

Who will pay for this? Usually nobody! Wastewater is moved out of cities But world wide, approx. 90% of the wastewater is not treated (properly) Environment & water sources further downstream are polluted Even after treatment of water the subsequent eutrophication of water bodies, The loss of fertilizer worth billions of dollars every year are facts that cannot be neglected.

Problem is shifted downstream!

Conventional Sanitation: No Recycling of Water and Nutrients

Water

Nutrients

?
Nutrient recovery not done or often impossible in cities (due to the mixing of domestic wastewater with industrial wastewater) Huge demand for energy intensive artificial fertilisers, in response to the problem of decreasing soil fertility.
Source (8)

Ecological Sanitation as a Sustainable Solution

The basic principle of ecological sanitation is to close the loop between sanitation and agriculture without compromising health

FOOD

FOOD

closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture

NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS

Pathogen destruction
Source: (4)

Ecological Sanitation as a Sustainable Solution

Ecosan is a new way of thinking sanitation, not a specific technology!

Ecological Sanitation regards all (dry and wet) wastes as resources which can be recovered and safely reused and recycled after adequate treatment in agriculture.

Closing the Loop: Urine as Fertilizer

Urine is an excellent nitrogen-rich fertilizer!

Sugar cane without urine

Sugar cane with urine faeces faeces & & urineurine

Urine & Faeces Contains: Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium

source: Vinners, 2003

none only Urine

Urine only

none

Ecological Sanitation: Source separation is practiced

substances
urine (yellowwater) faeces (brownwater) Greywater (showers, washing, etc.)

rainwater

treatment

hygienisation by storage or drying

anaerobic digestion, drying, composting, mixing with organic solid waste

constructed wetlands, gardening, wastewater ponds, biol. treatment

filtration, biol. treatment

utilisation

liquid or dry fertiliser

biogas, soil improvement

irrigation, groundwater recharge or direct reuse

water supply, groundwater recharge

Source: (1)

Advantages of ecosan Systems: Closing the Loop(s)

Energy Nutrient

Water
(drinking water)

Filtration (membran e, sand) Groundwater recharge Greywater Recreational water Blackwater Organic waste Aerobic treatment (composti ng) Soil amendment

Fertilizer (N, P, K)

Biologi-cal
Watering garden
Treat-ment

Anaerobic

treat-ment (biogas)

There is not only one Ecosan Technology

many technology components can be used for Ecosan!

Urine-diversion flush toilets

Toilet-linked Biogas Plants

Constructed Wetlands

Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems

Conclusion - Ecological Sanitation Approach

regards all (dry and wet) wastes as resources

is all about reuse, recovery and recycling of nutrients & water

is a new holistic way of thinking, not a specific technology!

CASE STUDY
PUNE NALA GARDEN:
A Beautiful Storm-water Drains

Pune city beautifies its Nalas. Osho Teerth was first, in 1991
12 acres of degraded wasteland beside a sewage-ridden stream became a lovely Zen Garden, 900 m long x 6070m wide.

Storm-water drains are the dirtiest parts of most cities

Waste from apartments or slums is thrown into them
They are used as public toilets Keepers of street pigs break drains and man-holes to create mud-wallows in nalas for their pigs Sewage is let out into nalas by new construct buildings, various industries,factories etc.

2 settling ponds with 30 - 20 cm level drops remove 80% solids. Gambusia

fish control mosquitoes.

Settling pool cleans 5 mld water flow of nala garden

Sludge removed regularly is used for garden contouring & nursery plants. Eqpt removes oil coming from
Railway Yard.

Summer water flow is 2mld. Peak monsoon flows of 300 mld bypass the 2 biological ponds.

In these 2 serpentine aeration ponds, small water-falls aerate water. Bends create needed turbulence.

Pune Citys Ambiloda garden uses a giant water-jet & rocky stream-bed to aerate 10-12 mld nala flow

Fully Fencing any new nala garden is the 1st and costliest requirement. Firms may sponsor
sections for advts.

Half-round pipe for Nala training is inexpensive and effective

Nala-draining with Stone Pitching protects plants and vegetation during floods

Manholes are regularly cleaned and repaired to prevent sewage water from being overflow.

Over-Bridge to Slum is fenced so residents can cross with dry feet.

Tall chain-link fence on over-bridge keeps garbage out of nala garden.

Debris in nala was used as soling for paths, then covered with soil

Long winding walk-ways lead to cuddapah-stone crossings

Quick-growing 6-month-old poplars hide the nala fencing

Creepers conceal the stone embankments of steep nalas

Cannas planted where waste-water enters quarry help in initial cleaning. Creepers beautify the rocky walls.

Soil+planting costs Rs 5 lac per km Ornamental grasses are cheap and easy to maintain.

Open seating invites public activities in nala garden

Pimpri-Chinchwad Mnicipal Corp has transformed a stinking quarry to a scenic lake.

13a quarry with 3-6 m water gave 5a forest,7a lake, 4a activity area

Slums of 8000 population were fenced but undisturbed

PCMC is making a jogging track for people to have awareness about the NALA GARDEN.

The benefits of storm-nala beautification are enormous

Ribbon parks spread throughout the city provide recreation and reduce air pollution. Local health and hygiene are improved
Stray pig and dog menace is minimised Contamination of fresh-water is reduced

Lake quality downstream is vastly improved

The cost - benefits of beautification are unbeatable

Storm-drain gardens cost Rs 50 lacs per km Most of this is for good permanent fencing, concrete channels for low-flow water, and stone pitching of steep nala banks, which reduces siltation downstream. Pay-back in savings on desilting, sewage treatment cost & health care is 3-4 years.

What are we waiting for ??

Plan a nala-garden in every city today!

References
(1) Werner, Ch. Panesar, A. Bracken, P., Mang, H.P., Huba-Mang, E. Gerold, A.M., Demsat, S., Eicher, I. (GTZ) (2004): An ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects. 3rd draft, February 2004. GTZ. (2) Environmental Sanitation Working Group of the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council WSSCC (2004): Bellagio statement: Clean, healthy and productive living: A new approach to environmental sanitation. (3) Evans, B. (2004): Whatever Happened to Sanitation? - Practical steps to achieving a core Development Goal. Millennium Project: Task Force on Water and Sanitation in March 2004. (4) Werner, Ch., Mang H.-P., Klingel, F. Bracken, P. (2004): General overview of ecosan. PowerPoint-Presentation. Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme. (5) BUWAL Bundesamt fr Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (2005): http://www.trinkwasser.ch/dt/html/bildergallerie/frameset.htm (accessed 28.09.2005) (6) Ecosanres (2005): Fact Sheet No 2: The Main Features of Ecological Sanitation. Ecological Sanitation Research/SIDA, Sweden. Available at: http://www.ecosanres.org/PDF%20files/Fact_sheets/ESR2lowres.pdf (Accessed 9.11.2005). (7) Esrey, S. A., Andersson, I. Hillers, A., Sawyer, R. (2001): Closing the Loop. Ecological Sanitation for Food Security. Publications on Water Resources No. 18. UNDP, SIDA. (8) Jenssen, P. D. (2005): Ecological Sanitation a technology assessment. Norwegian University of Life Sciences. PowerPoint-Presentation, held at the 9th. International conference on Ecological Sanitation Mumbai India, November 25th, 2005. (9) Werner, Ch., Abdoulaye Fall, P., Schlick, J. & H.-P. Mang (2003): Reasons and principles for ecological sanitation. 2nd International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation, April 2003. Lubeck, Germany. Available at: www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ecosan-reasons-andprinciples-2004.pdf (10)Werner, Ch. (2004):Ecological sanitation principles, urban application and challenges. PPPresentation at the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, 12th Session - New York, 14-30 April 2004. Available at: www2.gtz.de/ecosan/download/CSD12-ecosan-werner.pdf

References
1. Annop Nopharatana,Shabbir,chart,komsilp(2009) Application of the IPCC Waste Model to solid waste disposal sites in tropical countries: case study of Thailand,164,249-261. 2. J. kurian,S.esakku,K.palanivelu,A selvam(2003) Studies on landfill mining at solid waste dumpsites in india Centre for environmental studies, anna university, chennai. 3. http://www1.ximb.ac.in studied on 4.3.10 4. http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th studied on 4.3.10 5. http://ec.europa.eu/ studied on 4.3.10 6. http://www.environmentevents.org studied on 29.2.10 7. http://www.bharatbook.com studied on 29.2.10 8. http://www.almitrapatel.com studied on 2.3.10 9. . http://www.springer.com studied on 2.3.10 10.Jammu Municipal Carporation 11. www.greenpeace.org 12. www.teri.res.in