Para, Dia and Ferromagnetism

Magnetization
The presence (or absence) of a significant magnetic moment for atoms will govern how they respond to magnetic fields.

Magnetization
The presence (or absence) of a significant magnetic moment for atoms will govern how they respond to magnetic fields.

B
For those that possess a significant magnetic moment, the application of an external magnetic field will tend to align the atomic magnetic moments

Magnetization
Magnetization is a vector related to the magnetic moment of a material

In fact, the magnitude of the vector is the magnetic moment per unit volume

Magnetization
The response of a material to the application of a magnetic field will depend on the level of magnetization that the material undergoes B0

Magnetization
B0

The magnetic moments are of course themselves, B-Field sources and will generate magnetic Fields of their own that may either strengthen the overall field or weaken it

Magnetization

B B0 0 M
The total magnetic field equals the external magnetic field, B0, and the magnetic field generated by the alignment (or in some cases, creation) of atomic magnetic moments

Magnetization

1 H B0

Magnetic Field Strength

The influence of an external field is often expressed in terms of the magnetic field shown above

Magnetization

B 0 ( H M )
The total magnetic field can then be expressed as the sum of the field strength and magnetization vector with the free space permeability, 0.

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

M H
Magnetic Susceptibility

The magnetic susceptibility relates the degree (and sense) of magnetization given an applied field strength. It is characteristic of the substance and it is very much temperature dependent.

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

The expression for the total magnetic field can be rewritten as

B mH
where

m 0 (1 )
The magnetic permeability

If the magnetic permeability, m exceeds the free space permeability, 0, ( a positive magnetic susceptibility) the material in question will either be paramagnetic or ferromagnetic

If m is less than 0, (negative magnetic susceptibility) the material is said to diamagnetic.

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetic materials possess significant atomic magnetic moments, often due to unpaired valence electrons

Diamagnetism
Diamagnetic materials possess little or no atomic magnetic moments. What magnetization they undergo is induced by the application of an external magnetic field.

Ferromagnetism
Like paramagnetic materials, ferromagnetic substances possess significant magnetic moments. Unlike paramagnetic materials, they have a significant attraction to other magnetic materials Ferromagnetic materials have other interesting features

Ferromagnetism
Unlike the atomic magnetic moments associated with paramagnetic substances, the moments in ferromagnetic materials have strong interactions with their nearest neighbor moments.

Ferromagnetism
Unlike the atomic magnetic moments associated with paramagnetic substances, the moments in ferromagnetic materials have strong interactions with their nearest neighbor moments.
This leads to a strong correlation between large groups of magnetic moments in ferromagnetic materials

Ferromagnetism
Unlike the atomic magnetic moments associated with paramagnetic substances, the moments in ferromagnetic materials have strong interactions with their nearest neighbor moments.
This leads to a strong correlation between large groups of magnetic moments in ferromagnetic materials These large groups are known as domains

Paramagnetic

Ferromagnetic

Comparing the response of the total magnetic field to the applied Field Strength

The relation for the Ferromagnetic curve is non-linear

Paramagnetic

Ferromagnetic

Comparing the response of the total magnetic field to the applied Field Strength

The relation for the Ferromagnetic curve is non-linear

In addition, if you decrease H for the ferromagnetic sample, the B field will not decrease in the same way, it increased

Ferromagnetic

Because of the domains, ferromagnetic substances will retain a permanent B-field after magnetization.

Ferromagnetic

Because of the domains, ferromagnetic substances will retain a permanent B-field after magnetization.

This property, where the response to magnetization depends on the previous magnetizations is called hysterisis

BB

H H

The area underneath the curves indicate the work done by H in changing the magnetic field of the substance in question

BB

Saturation Point

Saturation Point

The figure above shows a hysterisis curve between the two saturation points of a particular ferromagnetic material The saturation point corresponds to the maximum magnetization that a material can achieve

To reverse the process of magnetizing a ferromagnetic material, one would have to follow this hysterisis curve

Magnetization

Temperature A little Thermodynamics

Phase Diagram of Typical Ferromagnetic Material

Magnetization

Paramagnetic

Ferromagnetic

Temperature

Magnetization

Paramagnetic

Curie Temperature
Ferromagnetic

Temperature

Diamagnetism
Unlike Ferromagnetism and Paramagnetism, the atomic magnetic moments associated with Diamagnetic behavior are induced by the application of a magnetic field B0

Diamagnetism
Unlike Ferromagnetism and Paramagnetism, the atomic magnetic moments associated with Diamagnetic behavior are induced by the application of a magnetic field B0
S N

In addition, the orientation of the induced magnetic moment will be such that the moments will be repelled by the applied magnetic field

Diamagnetism

Many materials that at sufficiently low temperatures become superconductors, become perfect diamagnets Meissner Effect