LAN Switching and Wireless

LAN Switching and Wireless
LAN Switching and Wireless Chapter 1
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Objectives Describe how a hierarchical network supports the voice, video and data needs of a small and medium-sized business.
Match the appropriate Cisco switch to each layer in the hierarchical network design model
LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
The Hierarchical Network Model A hierarchical design model is used to successfully build a LAN
Easier to manage and expand Problems are solved more quickly Involves dividing the network into discrete layers Each layer provides specific functions that define its role within the overall network
Network design becomes modular Facilitates scalability and performance
Broken up in to three layers

Access Distribution Core
The Hierarchical Network Model Access Layer

Provides a means of connecting devices to the network and controlling which devices are allowed to communicate on the network
Interfaces with end devices - PCs, printers, IP phones Includes routers, switches, bridges, hubs, and wireless access points (AP)
Distribution Layer
Aggregates data received from access layer switches before transmitting to core layer Controls flow of network traffic using policies Separates broadcast domains by routing between virtual LANs (VLANs)
The Hierarchical Network Model Core Layer

High-speed backbone of the internetwork Critical for interconnectivity between distribution layer devices
Needs to be highly available and redundant
Aggregates traffic from all distribution layer devices

Must be capable of forwarding large amounts of data quickly
Note:
In smaller networks, distribution layer and core layer may be combined into one layer

The Hierarchical Network Model
Distribution Layer
Access Layer Core Layer

The Hierarchical Network Model Benefits of a Hierarchical Network

Scalability
Modular design allows networks to expand very well
Redundancy
Redundant switches are placed at each layer to ensure path redundancy If a switch fails, there is an alternate path through the redundant switch
Performance
Aggregated data is sent between layers at near wire speed in most cases (backbone links) High performance switching at the local level provides near wire speed and maximum bandwidth for network traffic

The Hierarchical Network Model

Security
Port security on access layer switches controls which devices are allowed to connect to the network Advanced security policies at the distribution layer define which communication protocols are permitted and where they are permitted to go
Manageability
Switch functions are defined for each layer, providing consistency Changes and additions are easily duplicated across each of the layers
Maintainability
Switch functions are defined for each layer Switching infrastructure is selected to suit the requirements of each layer Modular design minimises the impact of changes at each of the layers
Principles of Hierarchical Network Design Hierarchical Network Design Principles

Network Diameter
Number of devices that a packet has to cross before it reaches its destination (source to destination) Low diameter ensures low and predictable latency between devices
Bandwidth Aggregation
Combining multiple physical switch ports into a single logical link to provide higher throughput (bandwidth) between switches
Redundancy
Creating a highly available network by implementing extra connections such as installing extra switches and extra connections between devices Redundant devices and paths Increases cost
Principles of Hierarchical Network Design
Network Diameter
Bandwidth Aggregation

Redundancy
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Principles of Hierarchical Network Design Start at the Access Layer

Understand the business goals of the organization Select equipment and infrastructure to implement the design
1. Devices needing access to the network 2. Access layer switches Estimated traffic generated 3. Distribution layer switches To meet performance and redundancy required 4. Core layer switches Maintain the performance of the network

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What is a Converged Network? Convergence is the process of combining voice and video communications on a data network Legacy Equipment
Initially, converged networks were only feasible in large enterprise organizations
Expensive network infrastructure requirements and complex management Minimal expertise by support staff Legacy equipment holding back progress

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What is a Converged Network? Separate Voice, Video and Data Networks

Voice network contains isolated phone lines running to a PBX switch to allow phone connectivity to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Videoconferencing equipment is wired separately from the voice and data networks Data network interconnects the workstations and servers on a network to facilitate resource sharing Separate support staff to support each network

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What is a Converged Network? Advanced Technology

Infrastructure costs have reduced, technology has advanced and expertise has increased:
Convergence now occurring right across small to large enterprises One network to manage One wired infrastructure to manage Lower implementation and management costs One group managing both the voice and data networks
New Options
Voice and video communications directly into a desktop Software phones rather than physical phones provide a lot of flexibility for businesses
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What is a Converged Network?
Converged voice, video and data on a hierarchical network design

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Considerations For Hierarchical Network Switches
Traffic Flow Analysis

Selecting appropriate switches for a layer in a hierarchical network requires:
Specifications detailing traffic flows
Understanding user communities Data servers and data storage servers needs Understanding of switches needed in the core, distribution, and access layers to accommodate bandwidth requirements

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Traffic Flow Analysis

Process of measuring bandwidth usage on a network and analyzing data for the purpose of performance tuning, capacity planning, and making hardware improvement decisions All network data contributes to traffic, regardless of its purpose or source
Use traffic flow analysis software to measure amount of data sent through a network for a given period of time
Provides data to allow accurate tuning and information for possible upgrades

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User Communities Analysis

Process of identifying various groupings of users and their impact on network performance
Affects issues related to port density and traffic flow
Influences selection of network switches

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Future Growth
Network plan includes rate of personnel growth over previous years to anticipate future growth
Purchase switches that can accommodate growth, such as stackable or modular switches
Investigate network traffic generated by end-user applications
Servers and users located where needed on the network

Reducing impact of traffic across rest of the network

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Data Stores and Data Servers Analysis

When analyzing traffic on a network:
Consider where data stores and servers are located to determine impact of traffic on the network Data stores can be servers, storage area networks (SANs), network-attached storage (NAS), tape backup units, any other device or component where large quantities of data are stored When considering traffic for data stores and servers, consider both client-server traffic and server-server traffic

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By examining data paths for various applications used by different user communities:
Identify potential bottlenecks where performance of the application can be affected by inadequate bandwidth
To improve the performance:
Aggregate links to accommodate the bandwidth

Replace slower switches with faster switches capable of handling traffic load
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Topology Diagrams
Graphical representation of a network infrastructure Shows how all switches are interconnected, detailed down to which switch port interconnects the device Graphically displays any redundant paths or aggregated ports between switches that provide for flexibility and performance

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Switch Features Switch Form Factors

Need to decide between fixed configuration or modular configuration, and stackable or non-stackable
Thickness of the switch expressed in number of rack units

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Switch Features Fixed Configuration Switches

Cannot add features or options to the switch beyond those that originally came with the switch

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Switch Features Modular Switches

Offer more flexible configuration Different sized chassis to allow for installation of different numbers of modular line cards
Line cards contain the ports

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Switch Features Stackable Switches

Interconnected using special backplane cable to provide high-bandwidth throughput between the switches
Switches stacked one atop the other
Cables connect switches in daisy chain fashion Effectively operate as single larger switch Fault tolerance and bandwidth availability in critical environments

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Switch Features Performance

Consider ability of switch to support port density, forwarding rates, and bandwidth aggregation requirements of network

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Switch Features Port Density

Number of ports available on a single switch

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Switch Features Forwarding Rates

Processing capabilities of a switch by rating how much data switch can process per second
Entry-layer switches have lower forwarding rates than enterprise-layer switches

Forwarding rate too low, cannot accommodate full wirespeed communication across all of its switch ports

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Switch Features Link Aggregation

Helps reduce bottlenecks of traffic by allowing up to eight switch ports to be bound together for data communications

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Switch Features PoE and Layer 3 Functionality

When selecting a switch consider Power over Ethernet (PoE) and Layer 3 functionality
Power over Ethernet (PoE)

Allows switch to deliver power to a device over the existing Ethernet cabling
IP phones and some wireless access points

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Switch Features Layer 3 Functions

Provided by switches in a hierarchical network Layer 3 switches offer advanced functionality
Known as multilayer switches

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Switch Features in a Hierarchical Network Access Layer Switch Features

Facilitate connection of end node devices to the network Need to support features such as port security, VLANs, Fast Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet, PoE, and link aggregation

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Switch Features in a Hierarchical Network Distribution Layer Switch Features

Provide inter-VLAN routing functions so that one VLAN can communicate with another on the network
Support Layer 3 functions

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Switch Features in a Hierarchical Network Security Policies

Access Control Lists (ACLs) used to control how traffic flows through the network
Prevent certain types of traffic and permit others

Control which network devices can communicate on the network

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Switch Features in a Hierarchical Network Quality of Service

Maintain the prioritization of traffic coming from the access layer switches that have implemented QoS
Priority policies ensure audio and video communications are guaranteed adequate bandwidth to maintain an acceptable quality of service
Support redundancy for adequate availability
Typically implemented in pairs to ensure availability
Support multiple, hot swappable power supplies Need to support link aggregation
To ensure adequate bandwidth to accommodate traffic generated on the access layer

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Switch Features in a Hierarchical Network Core Layer Switch Features

High-speed backbone of network and switches need to handle very high forwarding rates

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Switch Features in a Hierarchical Network Link Aggregation

Need to support link aggregation to ensure adequate bandwidth coming into the core from the distribution layer switches
Redundancy
Availability of core layer is critical, build in as much redundancy as possibility
Redundant power supplies and fans that can be swapped while switch is operational

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Switch Features in a Hierarchical Network QoS is an important part of the services provided by core layer switches
Mission-critical and time-sensitive traffic such as voice should receive higher QoS guarantees than less timesensitive traffic such as file transfers or e-mail Because QoS provides a software based solution to prioritize traffic, cost effective way of supporting optimal bandwidth

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Switches for Small and Medium Sized Business (SMB)
Features of Cisco Catalyst Switches

Switches need to be selected to meet the requirements of the enterprise
Switches cannot be selected just on the size of the business
Small businesses might be integrated into larger networks and require all of the advanced LAN services available at the corporate head office

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Summary Hierarchical Design model addresses performance, scalability, maintainability & manageability issues. Traffic Analysis is used to monitor network performance. Hierarchical Design Model is composed of 3 layers:
Access Distribution Core
Switches selected for each layer must meet the needs of each hierarchical layer as well as the needs of the business.
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A converged understanding
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LAN Switching and Wireless

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LAN Switching and Wireless

LAN Switching and Wireless Chapter 1

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Broken up in to three layers

The Hierarchical Network Model Access Layer

The Hierarchical Network Model Core Layer

Aggregates traffic from all distribution layer devices

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

The Hierarchical Network Model

Access Layer Core Layer

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

The Hierarchical Network Model Benefits of a Hierarchical Network

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

The Hierarchical Network Model

Principles of Hierarchical Network Design Hierarchical Network Design Principles

Principles of Hierarchical Network Design

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Principles of Hierarchical Network Design Start at the Access Layer

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

What is a Converged Network? Separate Voice, Video and Data Networks

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

What is a Converged Network? Advanced Technology

What is a Converged Network?

Converged voice, video and data on a hierarchical network design

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Considerations For Hierarchical Network Switches

Traffic Flow Analysis

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Considerations For Hierarchical Network Switches

Traffic Flow Analysis

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Considerations For Hierarchical Network Switches

User Communities Analysis

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Considerations For Hierarchical Network Switches

Investigate network traffic generated by end-user applications

Servers and users located where needed on the network

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Considerations For Hierarchical Network Switches

Data Stores and Data Servers Analysis

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Considerations For Hierarchical Network Switches

Aggregate links to accommodate the bandwidth

Considerations For Hierarchical Network Switches

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Switch Features Switch Form Factors

Thickness of the switch expressed in number of rack units

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Switch Features Fixed Configuration Switches

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Switch Features Modular Switches

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Switch Features Stackable Switches

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Switch Features Performance

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Switch Features Port Density

LAN Switching and Wireless Ch1 Exploration 3

Switch Features Forwarding Rates

Entry-layer switches have lower forwarding rates than enterprise-layer switches