Death of Stars (for high mass stars)

Remember: What a star evolves into depends on its MASS. After the main sequence, a star could become. White dwarfs (low masssize of sun or smaller) pulsars (heavier starslike blue giants) black holes (heaviest starslike blue giants)

Review
Same as before, but faster
1. intersteller cloud of dust 2. protostar 3. main-sequence star but as a BLUE GIANT

4. Red Supergiant-- When a high-mass star exhausts the hydrogen fuel in its core the star leaves the main sequence and begins to burn helium.

The Structure of the Core of a Star Just Before It Erupts as a Supernova

When helium is depleted, fusion of heavier elements begins. This process is called nucleosynthesis. H -> He -> C -> O -> Si -> Fe (eventually goes to IRON)

When the final product is iron in the core, no more energyso it collapses.

Why is iron (mass number = 56) the last stage?

Atoms will naturally fuse into more stable nuclei

You cant get more energy out of fusing iron

 B. Carbon core contracts causing 1. Pressure to rise 2. Temp. to rise to 600 million K C. Higher temps. Cause carbon fusion cycle that will eventually end in iron.

Steps in the Explosion of a Supernova

D. formation of iron ends the fusion cycle and star contracts one last time and rebounds off the dense core

Kaboom!
1. Luminosity-100 billion times brighter than the sun 2. produces wave of neutrinos, elements heavier than Fe, shock waves in nebulae

SN 1987A

Supernova
G. Example: SN 1987A 1. Where? --in Large Magellanic Cloud (S. hemisphere) 2. When?--1987 (duh) 3. What was found?-neutrinosas the theory predicted

Neutrino detector

The Brightness of a Typical Type II Supernova for 100 Days After the Supernova Reached Maximum Brightness

Neutron Stars
A. Description 1. Extremely dense star after shedding outside layers 2. Mass is about 1.4 to 3 solar masses 3. Size is about 10 km across (small!) 4. Density is about 3 x 1014 g/cm3 ( 1cm3 of neutron star equals 340 m3 of steel!!!) (artists rendition)

Pulsars

1. Pulsars are neutron stars that rotate a. NOT normal starsthe rotation period is 0.001 to 10 seconds (fast!) 2. Have extremely intense magnetic fields a. result--rips apart particles at surface b. accelerated electrons emit synchotron radiation c. like a lighthouse 3. Why do they spin?-because big to small spins faster

A Model of a Pulsar
We can maybe see them if we are lined up with the beams of radiation

Crab Pulsar Animation

One Hundred Consecutive Pulses from PSR 1133+16

Crab Pulsar
Ex. Crab Pulsar inside the crab nebula The pulsar is within the left over supernova remnant from 1054 A.D.

So What Effect does Gravity have on spacetime?

Spacetime has 4 coordinates: x-axis, y-axis, z-axis (3-D) and time

Mass bends spacetime in general. (Einstein) Black holes (supermassive) bend spacetime a lot !

Flat and Curved Two-Dimensional Spaces

Paths of a Marble and the Television Image of the Paths for the Cases of Flat and Curved Space

Black Holes

A. Not really a hole B. A dense star that continues to collapse 1. So dense and gravity is so strong that light cant escape C. Event horizon--ring around black hole where light couldnt escape D. Scharzshild radius--the radius a star has to have to become a black hole

Black holes
1. For sun to become a black hole--it would have to collapse to at least 3 km 2. For the earth to become a black hole--it would have to collapse to 1 cm

The Paths of Light Rays Aimed Outward in Different Directions from the Collapsing Core of a Star

 A visual diagram of how a black hole may bend spacetime. However, you dont see this (its not like a waterslide).

Artists drawing of a black hole

Galactic jets

X-rays

Accretion disk

If we cant see them, how do we know they are there? 1. Accretion disk 2. Galactic jets 3. X-rays from the disk 4. A companion star orbiting nothing
Note: The bright center is not the black hole, just energetic material around it.

Cygnus X-1
Distance--2500 pc (8000 ly away) where?--in constellation Cygnus discovered in 1966 a. blue supergiant companion that orbits it b. intense x-rays (as seen in picture)

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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