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for bysuss has been put into yeast synthesize the protein based on
RNA RNA
RNA
sugar (ribose)
DNA
RNA
A U
DNA
DNA
T A
Transcription Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lq
Only small stretch is template RNA polymerase catalyzes nucleotide addition Product is a single strand of RNA
Promoter
A
base sequence in the DNA that signals the start of a gene transcription to occur, RNA polymerase must first bind to a promoter
For
Gene Transcription
transcribed DNA winds up again DNA to be transcribed unwinds
Adding Nucleotides
3 direction of transcription
Transcript Modification
unit of transcription in a DNA strand
exon
intron
exon
intron
exon
transcription
Genetic Code
Set
Codons 61
3
Figure 14.7 Page 230
tRNA Structure
codon in mRNA
anticodon
Ribosomes
tunnel
intact ribosome
Translation Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PSwhTGF
Initiation
Initiator
tRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit Small subunit/tRNA complex attaches to mRNA and moves along it to an AUG start codon Large ribosomal subunit joins complex
Fig. 14.10a-c Page 232
Binding Sites
binding site for mRNA
Elongation
mRNA
passes through ribosomal subunits deliver amino acids to the ribosomal binding site in the order specified by the mRNA bonds form between the amino acids and the polypeptide chain grows
tRNAs
Peptide
Elongation
Termination
Stop
codon into place No tRNA with anticodon Release factors bind to the ribosome mRNA and polypeptide are released
mRNA
Many
enter the endoplasmic reticulum and move through the cytomembrane system where they are modified
Transcription
Overview
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
ribosomal subunits
mature tRNA
Translation
Gene Mutations
Base-Pair Substitution
original base triplet in a DNA strand During replication, proofreading enzymes make a substitution possible outcomes: or original, unmutated sequence a gene mutation
Figure 14.11 Page 234
Frameshift Mutations
Insertion
Result
Frameshift Mutation
mRNA parental DNA arginine glycine tyrosine tryptophan asparagine amino acids
arginine
glycine
leucine
leucine
glutamate
Transposons
DNA
segments that move spontaneously about the genome they insert into a gene region, they usually inactivate that gene
When
Mutation Rates
Each
rate Average rate for eukaryotes is between 10-4 and 10-6 per gene per generation Only mutations that arise in germ cells can be passed on to next generation
Mutagens
Ionizing
Nonionizing Natural