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Diagrams: http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
___________________ states:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. 3. All cells come only from other cells.
Lecture 1
Prokaryote Cell Structure & Function
Cell Diagram: Mariana Ruiz, pub domain
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Prokaryotes
Tell me about Prokaryotes
Binary Fission
Prokaryote Genetics
___________ Region of cytoplasm where chromosomal DNA is located. Usually a singular, circular chromosome
____________ Small extra piece of chromosome/genetic material. 5 - 100 genes Not critical to everyday functions.
- Antibiotic resistance
- Virulence factors
(molecules produced by pathogen that specifically influence host's function to allow the pathogen to thrive)
- Promote conjugation
Prokaryotes
______________
______________ Bacterias way of storing nutrients Staining of some granules aids in identification
STRUCTURE OF MICOBIAL CELLS
Prokaryotes
_______________ Found within cytoplasm or attached to plasma membrane.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT Movement of molecules is passive if no energy sources of the cell are expended. _____________ = when molecules move from a higher to a lower concentration.
Tonicity
__________: no net movement of water between cell and environment __________: a higher concentration of solute. __________: a lower concentration of solute. Water will always move toward a hypertonic environment!!
Energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) drives substances across the plasma membrane with the aid of carrier molecules.
Backbone of peptidoglycan molecule composed of two derivatives of glucose: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetlymuramic acid (NAM) NAG / NAM strands are connected by interpeptide bridges.
Peptidoglycan
Gram-positive
Peptidoglycan makes up as much as 90% of the thick, compact cell wall.
Image: Prokaryotic Cell, Mariana Ruiz Gram +-, Julian Onions
Gram-negative
More chemically complex and thinner.
Outer membrane is similar to the plasma membrane, but is less permeable and composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
LPS is a harmful substance classified as an endotoxin,
The space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane is called the periplasm.
Why are these differences in cell wall structure so important? Gram-negative bacteria: fewer interpeptide bridges but have an outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharides LPS.
Penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with linking of Interpeptides, but cant easily get to in gram- bacteria.
Cell walls without enough of these intact cross-links are structurally weak, and disintegrate when cells divide. This is how penicillins and cephalosporins work. Since the eukaryotic cells of humans do not have cell walls, our cells are not damaged by these drugs. Microorganisms that do not contain peptidoglycan are not susceptible to these drugs. Images: Sources unknown
Prokaryotes - Glycocalyx
Some bacteria have an additional layer outside of the cell wall called the glycocalyx. This additional layer can come in one of two forms: 1. Slime Layer 2. Capsule
Prokaryotes - Glycocalyx
Some bacteria have an additional layer outside of the cell wall called the glycocalyx. This additional layer can come in one of two forms: 1. ______________________ glycoproteins loosely associated with the cell wall. Slime layers cause bacteria to adhere to solid surfaces and help prevent the cell from drying out.
Streptococcus
The slime layer of Gram+ Streptococcus mutans allows it to accumulate on tooth enamel (yuck mouth and one of the causes of cavities). Other bacteria in the mouth become trapped in the slime and form a biofilm & eventually a buildup of plaque.
Staphylococcus
The slime layer of Gram+ Staphylococcus allows it to thrive in the salty, hypertonic environment of the skin. Glycocalyces are not specific to Gram+ or Gram- bacteria, sometimes only some members of a certain species (strains) have a glycocalyx, whereas others dont.
Prokaryotes - Glycocalyx
2. ___________________ polysaccharides firmly attached to the cell wall. Capsules adhere to solid surfaces and to nutrients in the environment. Adhesive power of capsules is a major factor in the initiation of some bacterial diseases. Capsule also protect bacteria from being phagocitized by cells of the hosts immune system.
Prokaryotes - Glycocalyx
Bacterial Capsule and Meningococcal Infection Meningococcal infection is caused by meningococcal bacteria (Neisseria
meningitidis).
Causes: 1. meningococcal meningitis (infection of the meninges/spinal cord) 2. meningococcal septicaemia (blood poisoning).
Of the two forms, meningococcal septicaemia is the most dangerous. Meningococcal bacteria are the most common cause of bacterial meningitis.
Meningococcal bacteria grow in pairs called diplococci often surrounded by a capsule coat. Over a million of these would fit on the head of a pin.
Prokaryotes - Endospores
Dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by small number of bacteria. Primary function of endospores: _________________________ _________________________ Resistant to radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants. Endospores commonly found in soil and water, where they may survive for long periods of time.
Allow bacteria to survive in suspended animation when environmental conditions are not suitable. Kind of like a plant seed..When conditions are right the endospore will sprout a living bacterium.
A stained preparation of Bacillus subtilis showing endospores as green and the vegetative cell as red
Images: Flagella: Mike Jones Wiki Axial Filament: Indiana USchool of Med EColi: Pub Library of Science