Perception

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What Is Perception?
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

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Factors That Influence Perception

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Perception Process

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Cont The perceptual process begins when environmental stimuli are received through our senses. Most stimuli are screened out; the rest are organized and interpreted based on various information-processing activities. The resulting perceptions influence our emotions and behaviour towards these objects, people, and events.

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Perceptual Selection
It is the process by which people filter out most stimuli so that they can deal with the most important ones. External Factors Affecting Selection: Size Intensity Contrast Motion Repetition Novelty and Familiarity
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Cont
Internal Factors Affecting Selection: Personality Learning Motivation

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Perceptual Organization
Perceptual organization is the process by which people group environmental stimuli into recognizable patterns. Factors Influencing Perceptual Organization: Continuity: It is the tendency to perceive objects as continuous patterns. Closure: It is the ability to perceive a whole object, even though only part of the object is evident. Proximity: This principle states that a group of objects may be perceived as related because of their nearness to each other. Similarity: This principle states that the more alike objects (or ideas) are, the greater is the tendency to perceive them as a common group. 5-8

Perceptual Interpretation
Perceptual Interpretations are very important in OB. Any kind of misinterpretation of characteristics, abilities, or behaviour of an employee during a performance appraisal review could result in an inaccurate assessment of the employees current and future contribution to the firm.
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Perceptual Interpretation
The following types of interview errors are the most common: Types of Judgmental Error: Similar Error: The tendency to see others having characteristics more like our own. Contrast Error: The tendency of some interviewers to compare job candidates to other candidates interviewed at the same time. Overweighting of Negative Information: The tendency of some interviewers to overreact to negative information. First-impression Error: Quick impressions formed that are resistant to change.
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Cont
Types of Perceptual Error: Perceptual Defence: The tendency of people to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or situations that are threatening. Stereotyping: The tendency to assign attributes to someone solely on the basis of the category in which the person has been placed. Halo Effect: Evaluation of another person solely on the basis of one attribute, either favourable or unfavourables, is called halo effect.
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Cont
Projection: It is the tendency for people to see their own traits in other people. Expectancy Effects: It is the extent to which prior expectations bias perception of events, objects, and people. Self-fulfilling Prophecy: Expecting certain things to happen shapes the behaviour of the perceiver in such a way that the expected is more likely to happen.
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Attribution Theory: Judging Others

Our perception and judgment of others is significantly influenced by our assumptions of the other persons internal state. When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internal causes are under that persons control External causes are not under the persons control Causation judged through: Distinctiveness: Shows different behaviors in different situations Consensus: Response is the same as others to the same situation Consistency: Responds in the same way over time 6-13

Elements of Attribution Theory

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Thank You All For Patient Listening !

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