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Always start from Rx End. Find Out What BER Required. To calculated BER, Mod Type Required. Both BER & Mod Type will give what Eb/No Required. Now find out what data rate is required. Now find out what FEC is required. Now calculate What Spectrum BW is being used. Now calculate to achieve this BER for above parameters what C/N is required. Up to this its called digital base band calculation. This point is also to join analog parameters with digital parameters
Procedure Followed -2
Now to get C/N, we will first calculate C/No at Rx End. For this, lets start from TX End. Now, Take all parameters details as per link parameters required. Calculate C/No (uplink, measured at satellite) & C/No (downlink, measured at Rx earth station). Now calculate overall C/No at Rx earth station. Now co- relate this C/No with digital base band calculation.
Now, because we are not sending one single bit over one Hz bcos its not practical. We have limited spectral BW & any how we try to manage to maintain Eb/No by other parameters e.g. FEC, Mod, Data rate, BW. Now, What is transmitting WAN connectivity, its not our concern, our net requirement is what Data Rate is being Transmitted from modulator & what Eb/No we are getting by TX medium at receiver whether we are managing with Less BW & more BW, FEC & SR doesn't matter at all.
Lets calculate for following inputs. Eb/No = 7 , IR = 8 Mbps , FEC =3/4 , Mod = QPSK, BW = ? Now calculate, TR = 8 Mbps / .75 = 10.66 Mbps TR = 10.66 Mbps/ (188/204) = 11.56 Mbps Now S/R = 11.56 Mbps / 2 (Each Symbol carrying 2 bits) = 5.78 Msps Roll Off factor = 1.25, Then, BW = 5.78 Msps * 1.25 = 7.225 Mhz
Up to C/N calculation , we dont know what is the power level & carrier level in dBm. We only know that there should be a ratio of carrier power to noise power to achieve required BER or Eb/No. In fact , up to C/No level calculation we are not dealing with noise which can affect Eb/No , this was the loss in signal power during transmission from TX site Satellite Rx site. Then, we should calculate our TX power in dBm only with loss in signal but we are calculating it with respect to noise C/No why?
Effect of FEC
If everything is same what will be change in Eb/No by changing FEC. First Calculate ratio = New FEC value / Old FEC value. Change in Eb/No = 10 log ( New FEC / Old FEC). E.g FEC changes from to 7/8 then .. Eb/No Change = 10 log ( 7/8 / ) = .67 dB will be down.
Interpretation of BW & DR
DR is basically can be considered from following two ways: If any channel is saying that its content is of 8 MB. It may that somebody can announce its their channel DR. But as far our calc concerned, its IR. What TR we use in our calc, its basically DR. Given BW or Available BW can transfer maximum DR= TR= BW * Mod Factor.
LB - 1
Link Budget is the calculation to get the exact C/N within our permissible range. During a signal setup, we are given maximum allowed power from our HPA towards satellite by the satellite operator. Accordingly, we are given downlink EIRP which we will receive from satellite towards our earth station to lock the IRD. We need to maintain our signal within this permissible limits. To check our signal strength or link feasibility within this permissible limits, we need to calculate link budget.
LB - 2
Link Budget has two section a) Input of Data b) Calculations. Input of Data Satellite parameters. Carrier Parameters Tx ES Parameters Rx ES Parameters Misc Losses Calculations Uplink calculations. Downlink calculations Overall Calculations
LB -3 Satellite Parameters
Satellite Name Orbital Location G/T SFD Input BO Output BO Saturation EIRP Transponder BW Uplink Frequency Downlink Frequency IM Product Sat.Ant.Rx.Gain/m2 Intelsat 10 68.500 -12.000 -79.400 5.000 3.500 32.000 54.000 6.148 3.923 18.000 37.200 deg.E dB/K dBW/m2 dB dB dBW MHz Ghz Ghz dB dB/m2
LB - 4 Link Parameters
Carrier Info Rate FEC Code Rate Modulation No.of Bits per Symbol Transmission Rate Noise BW Noise BW Factor Allocated BW Eb/No Required Cl Sky C/No Required Cl Sky C/N Required Link Availability
9750.000 0.750 QPSK 2.000 13000.000 6500.000 1.250 8125.000 6.000 77.139 8.041 99.700
Kbps
Kbps
KHz dB dB-Hz dB %
LB 5 Tx ES Parameters
Tx Antenna Dia 9.000 m
Tx Ant. Efficiency
70.000
Tx Gain
53.710
dB
0.500
dB
Feeder Loss
0.500
LB -6 Rx ES Parameters
Rx Antenna Diameter Rx Ant. Efficiency Rx.Ant.Pointing Losses Pre LNA Losses LNA Noise Temp Ant. Noise Temp Clear Sky Noise Temp Clear Sky G/T Antenna Gain 2.400 50.000 0.300 0.200 65.000 35.000 100.000 16.365 36.865 m % dB dB K K K dB/Deg K dBi
LB 7 Misc Losses
Uplink Rain Attenuation 0.000 dB
0.000
dB
199.620
dB
195.717
dB
Uplink Atm.Attn.
0.000
dB
0.000
dB
LB -8 Uplink Calculations
Tx of EIRP of E/S Uplink Path loss Power at Sat. Ant. Sat.Ant.Rx Gain/m2 Per Carrier FD @ SC SC pattern advantage @ES Per carrier BE FD arriving @ SC Input BO/Carrier Sat G/T Uplink C/No Uplink C/N 58.75 199.62 -140.87 37.20 -103.67 11.40 -92.27 24.27 -12.00 87.13 18.03 59.84 199.62 -139.78 37.20 -102.58 11.40 -91.18 23.18 -9.00 88.22 19.12 dBW dB dBW dB/m2 dBW/m2 dB dBW/m2 dB dB/K dB-Hz dB
LB -9 Downlink Calculations
Saturation EIRP Output Backoff CarrierDn EIRP Output BO/Carrier Downlink Path Loss Cl.Sky G/T SC pattern advantage @ES Downlink C/No Downlink C/N 32.00 3.50 20.63 11.37 195.72 16.37 8.20 78.08 8.98 32.00 3.50 19.54 12.46 195.72 16.37 8.20 77.17 8.07 dB dB dBW dB dB/K dB dB dB-Hz dB
LB -9 Downlink Calculations
Saturation EIRP Output Backoff CarrierDn EIRP Output BO/Carrier Downlink Path Loss Cl.Sky G/T SC pattern advantage @ES Downlink C/No Downlink C/N 32.00 3.50 20.63 11.37 195.72 16.37 8.20 78.08 8.98 32.00 3.50 19.54 12.46 195.72 16.37 8.20 77.17 8.07 dB dB dBW dB dB/K dB dB dB-Hz dB
Dnlink C/N
8.98
8.07
dB
IM Product
18.00
18.00
dB
Composite C/N
8.01
9.77
dB
Required C/N
8.04
8.04
dB
Link Margin
-0.03
-0.03
dB
LB -11 G/T
G/T Its figure of merit for any receiving stations. Even for satellite, G/T matters. Gain in dB / Temperature in K. Gain 10 log (System Temp) System temp = Ant Noise Temperature + LNB Temperature + any other noise temp. Note: More G/T means good receiving & less G/T means less receiving of the signal.
LB -13 EIRP
Effective isotropic readiated power. It is the final power transmissting from ES towards satellite irrespective of HPA power, W/G losses, antenna size etc. If we have transmitted 10dBW from HPA & antenna gain is 54 dbi. Ignoring any losses from HPA to antenna, EIRP will be 10+ 54 = 64 dBW. EIRP = Power in dBW + Gain in dBi. Note: If our HPA shows 4 watt output. It means 6 dBW being transmiited from 54 dBi gain antenna, then EIRP will be 60 dBW But actual EIRP will be less due to further losses till antenna.
Calculation of constants
Let power transmitted=Pt Gain of antenna=Gt Then EIRP=Pt*Gt Pr(Power received at satellite)=(EIRP/4 Pi R^2)*Aeff..(1) Antenna gain Gr=4 Pi Aeff/lambda^2
Calculation of constants-2
Hence Aeff=Gr lambda^2/4Pi(2) From eqn 1&2 Pr=Pt Gt Gr (lamda/4 Pi R^2).(3) We know that noise power(N)=KTB(4) From eqn 3&4 C/N=Pr/N= Pt Gt Gr (lamda/4 Pi R)^2 /KTB = EIRP (Gr/T) (lamda/4 Pi R)^2 (1/K) (1/B) Converting in dB scale we get C/N= EIRP +(Gr/T)+ 10 log(lamda/4 Pi R)^2 -10 log K-10 log B) (5) K=1.38*10^-23 J/K
Calculation of constants-3
Hence 10 log K=10log(1.38*10^-23)=-228.6 10 log(lamda/4 Pi R)^2 = -10 log(4 Pi R/Lamda)^2= -Free space loss= -FSL Now eqn 5 becomes C/N=EIRP + G/T - FSL +228.6 -10 log B(6)
Calculation of FSL
FSL=10 log (4 pi R/lambda)^2 =20 log (4 Pi R f /C) Let R=36000 km=36*10^6 m C=3*10^8 m/s f=6 GHz=6*10^9 Hz Now FSL=20 log (4*3.14*36*10^6*6*10^9)/3*10^8=199
Compression - Introduction
Compression means reduction in data rate. We are much interested in to understand the processing once A/V signal is given to encoder & output of Modulator is available. It means how we encode A/V signal. It means how we actually reduce its data. How we carry this compress data. E.g. MPEG-2/MPEG-4 SD/HD etc.
Bit Rate & Baud Rate Bit rate means total no of bits transmitted in one sec. Baud rate means total no of signalling units per sec. Lets understand by one example. On one six- lane highway, only vehicles e.g cars can travel. Its called Baud rate. Total no of signalling units in the allowed BW. If now, lets assume, each car has five passengers inside, then total passengers in 6 cars will be 30. 30 is the total bit rate. Bit rate will either equal to baud rate or more than of baud rate. But cant be lesser than Baud Rate. Symbol rate is also a one type of Baud Rate.
Compression Standards
VSWR Explained
Intermod
Return Loss
Spectrum Inversion