GLOBAL WARMING & OZONE DEPLETION

Group Members
Anshika Srivastava Asok K.A Ankita Shinde Anurag Singh Prakash Pharaswan Prasad Dhumal Harshada Saindane Arushi Kedia Aman Srivastava Mansi Tankkar Sunil Gupta

GLOBAL WARMING

MEANING
Global warming is the rise in average global temperature due to human activities, such as, the emissions of greenhouse gas pollution produced by the burning of fossil fuels and land-use changes like deforestation.

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

GHGs are atmospheric gases.

Water Vapor, Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide & Ozone are naturally occurring GHGs
GHGs that are only caused by humans are Clorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) & Sulphur hexafluoride.

Greenhouse Gases (contd)

CO2
Principle GHG Emission caused by energy & power plants that undergo the burning of fossil fuels, automobiles, airplanes, buildings, traffic jams emit CO2 Some GHGs can trap more heat from CO2 (like water vapor) some by a thousand times greater : But overall, they have much lower concentrations Thus, no gas add as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2

 Humans
Directly & indirectly caused global warming
Industrialisation increased GHGs rapidly accelerating the Greenhouse Effect US largest source of global warming pollution : Makes up 4 % of world population but produces 25 % of CO2 from fossil fuels burning emits more than China, India & Japan Burning of fossil fuels & organic matter in power plants to generate electricity Fertilizers, presence of methane in agriculture

Deforestation

blamed for 25% of all CO2 release entering the atmosphere by the cutting & burning of about 34 million acres a year. Responsible for absorbing about 2 billion tons of CO2 so less trees causes a greater concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere

Natural Causes
Oceans, rainforests naturally release nitrous oxide as the Arctic Tundra & Wetlands naturally release methane gas
Earth goes through the process of warming & cooling But..humans speed up these processes & dramatize its effect to drastic levels for changes & improvements

Greenhouse Effect
Warming happens when certain gases in earth's atmosphere trap heat.

These gases let in light but keep heat from escaping like the glass walls of a greenhouse.
First, sunlight shines onto the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed and then radiates back into the atmosphere as heat.

In the atmosphere, greenhouse gases trap some of this heat and the rest escapes into space. The more greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere, the more heat gets trapped.

Greenhouse Effect (contd.)

Through the burning of fossil fuels and other GHG emissions, humans are enhancing the greenhouse effect and warming Earth.

The rapid rise in greenhouse gases is a problem because it is changing the climate faster than some living things may be able to adapt. Also, a new and more unpredictable climate poses unique challenges to all life.

Effects Of Global Warming

 BIODIVERSITY LOSS
Thousands of species risk extinction from disappearing habitat, changing ecosystems and acidifying oceans. According to the IPCC, climate change will put some 20% to 30% of species globally at increasingly high risk of extinction, possibly by 2100.

Acidifying oceans
About one-third of the CO2 pollution from smokestacks and tailpipes is absorbed by the world's oceans, where it forms carbonic acid. A 2010 study published in Nature Geoscience warns that unchecked greenhouse gas emissions could cause oceans to acidify at a rate unprecedented in at least the last 65 million years.

Decline in polar bears

Arctic sea ice is the polar bear's feeding habitat. As sea ice disappears, bear mortality rises.
In 2008, the polar bear became the first animal to be added to the Endangered Species Act list of threatened species because of global warming.

Coral bleaching
Coral reefs are highly sensitive to small changes in water temperature. Heat triggers corals to shed the algae that nourish thema bleaching event that leaves coral white. In 1998, the world's coral suffered its worst year on record, which left 16% bleached or dead. Continued warming could cause mass bleachings to become an annual event within the next few decades, wiping out many reef ecosystems.

Shifting habitat
As the mercury rises, plants & animals are shifting their ranges toward the poles and to higher altitudes & migration patterns for animals as diverse as whales and butterflies are being disrupted.

Threats to Western forests

The U.S. Geological Survey reports that slight changes in the climate may trigger abrupt ecosystem changes that may be irreversible. The Rocky Mountains in Canada and the U.S. have seen nearly 70,000 sq miles of forest die an area the size of Washington state since 2000 due to outbreaks of tree-killing insects.

Thinning ice, rising seas

Rising seas are one of the most certain effects of global warming as warming ocean waters expand and melting glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets add more water to the oceans. The IPCC estimates that melting ice caps and glacierswhich are some of our most visible indicators of climate changeaccounted for about 25% of sea level rise from 1993 to 2003. Larsen area of North Antarctic, South of Chili and Argentina have lost more than 5,200 sq miles of area.

Arctic sea ice is shrinking

The extent of Arctic summer sea ice has decreased by almost 9% per decade since 1979

The Arctic summer could be ice-free by mid-century, according to a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

 Sea level rise

During the 20th century, sea level rose an average of 7 inches after 2,000 years of relatively little change.
The IPCC Report 2007 conservatively predicts that sea levels could rise 10 to 23 inches by 2100 if current warming patterns continue. The U.S. Geological Survey said in a report in 2009 warning that most mid-Atlantic coastal wetlands from New York to North Carolina will be lost with a sea level rise of 3 feet or more. North Carolina's barrier islands would be significantly breached and flooding would destroy the Florida Everglades.

Melting glaciers
A 2005 survey of 442 glaciers from the World Glacier Monitoring Service found that 90% of the world's glaciers are shrinking as the planet warms.
Glacier National Park now has only 25 glaciers, versus 150 in 1910. At the current rate of retreat, The glaciers in Glaciers National Park could be gone in a matter of decades, according to some scientists.

 Threats

to people around the globe

Extreme weather will become more frequent and more dangerous. The World Meteorological Organization reported that 2000-2009 was the hottest decade on record, with eight of the hottest 10 years having occurred since 2000. Scientists say global warming is speeding up the cycling of water between the ocean, atmosphere and land, resulting in more intense rainfall and droughts at the same time across the globe.

A surge in wildfires
Hot & dry conditions create a tinderbox ideal for wildfires. This could have a devastating impact on Americas Southwest.

Increased flooding
The IPCC Report 2007 concludes that intense rain events have increased in frequency during the last 50 years and that humaninduced global warming has been a factor.

Increased drought
There have also been increased periods of drought, particularly in famine-stricken areas of Africa and Asia. According to the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the percentage of Earth's surface suffering drought has more than doubled since the 1970s. In Africa alone, the IPCC projects that between 75 and 250 million people will be exposed to increased water stress due to climate change.

More intense hurricanes

As the oceans warm, scientists predict that hurricane intensity could increase.

Threats to human health

A warming planet threatens people worldwide, causing deaths, spreading insect-borne diseases and exacerbating respiratory illnesses. Extreme weather will also put more people in harm's way.
The World Health Organization believes that even the modest increases in average temperature that have occurred since the 1970s are responsible for at least 150,000 extra deaths a yeara figure that will double by 2030, according to WHO's conservative estimate.

Devastating heat waves

Recent studies show that extreme heat events that now occur once every 20 years will occur about every other year in much of the country, if current trends continue. In 1995, Chicago suffered a heat wave that killed more than 700 people. Chicagoans could experience that kind of relentless heat up to 3 times a year by 2100.

 Spread of disease
Diseases such as malaria and dengue fever could become more difficult to control in areas where it's currently too cold for them to spread year-round The malaria parasite itself is generally limited to certain areas by cooler winter temperatures since it is not able to grow below 16C. As temperatures rise, diseases can grow and disease vectors (the carriers that transmit disease such as mosquitoes) will mature more rapidly and have longer active seasons.

Worsening air quality

Higher temperatures cause higher emissions of one type of pollutant, namely hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds, as well as speeding up the chemical reactions that form ozone smog.

 Smog triggers asthma attacks and worsens other breathing problems. The number of Americans with asthma has more than doubled over the past two decades to 20 million. Continued warming will only worsen the problem.

FACTS ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING

The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty on global warming. It also reaffirms sections of the UNFCCC. Countries which ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. A total of 141 countries have ratified the agreement. We can curb global warming pollution, save consumers money and curtail our reliance on oil.

 Current estimates are that even if successfully and completely implemented, the Kyoto Protocol is predicted to reduce the average global temperature by somewhere between 0.02C and 0.28C by the year 2050
Using current and cutting-edge technology that will reduce our use of fossil fuels. By switching to energy efficient cars and trucks and clean & renewable energy.

OZONE DEPLETION

OZONE LAYER
Ozone is a highly reactive form of oxygen.
The ozone layer is a belt of naturally occurring ozone gas that sits 9.3 to 18.6 miles (15 to 30 kilometers) above Earth and serves as a shield from the harmful ultraviolet B radiation emitted by the sun. Ozone exists within the troposphere & stratosphere zones of the earths atmosphere. In the troposphere, ground level ozone is a major air pollutant & primary constituent of photochemical smog.

 In the stratosphere, the ozone layer is an essential protector of life on earth as it absorbs harmful UV radiation before it reaches the earths surface. Ozone depletion damage gets much worse when the stratosphere is very cold. This has been the case the past two years, causing extensive ozone depletion. Ozone depletion reached the most severe levels ever recorded over the Northern Hemisphere. Western United States ozone levels also continue to drop 3-4 percent per decade. Even if all of our efforts to stop harmful emissions are successful, the ozone layer is not expected to begin recovery until around 2020 at the earliest.

CFCs and Ozone Depletion

Chlorofluorocarbons are created and used in refrigerators and air conditioners. These chlorofluorocarbons are not harmful to humans and have been a benefit to us. Once released into the atmosphere, chlorofluoro carbons are bombarded and destroyed by ultraviolet rays. In the process chlorine is released to destroy the ozone molecules

Ozone destruction by UV rays

UV radiation from the sun releases the radicals Chlorine Chlorine monoxide . and

Ozone is a highly unstable molecule so it readily donates its extra oxygen molecule to free radical species such as hydrogen, bromine and chlorine. These compound species act as catalysts in the breakdown of ozone molecules.

Responsible for ozone damage each year

Effects of UV rays
decreasing the diversity of aquatic organisms reduces food stock and also destroys several fish and amphibians. Damage to plant cell DNA molecules - makes plants more susceptible to pathogens and pests Reductions in photosynthetic capacity in the plant - results in slower growth and smaller leaves

Skin cancer
Premature aging (photoaging) of the skin (different from normal chronological aging) Cataracts and eye disorders (corneal sunburn and blindness) Immune system damage

SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL WARMING

Use energy efficient products Switch off gadgets when not in use Stop deforestation Use public transport Explore renewable sources Carbon credits

Initiatives for Reducing CO2 Emissions

to reduce emissions of CO2 and other GHGs by 50% from the 2005 level by the year 2050.
improve the energy-saving performance of our products to reduce the energy consumed in using the products. launches appliances made with Recycled Resources : Refrigerator - NR-F506T-X with a top-mount compressor Rice Cooker - SR-SX101-X induction-heating rice cooker Washer/Dryer - NA-VX7100-X drum-type washer/dryer Vacuum Cleaner - MS-SS310GX-X cyclone vacuum cleaner

Sony Group
The Sony Group Environmental Vision presents a philosophy and principles for environmental management activities throughout the global Sony Group with the aim of contributing to the realization of a sustainable society. It recognizes the importance of preserving the natural environment that sustains all life on the earth for future generations and thereby ensuring that all humanity can attain a healthy and enriched life.

In order to realize such sustainable society, Sony strives to achieve a zero environmental footprint throughout the lifecycle of our products and business activities.

 It reduces the environmental footprint and prevents environmental pollution throughout the lifecycle of their products and business activities by complying with all applicable environmental regulations and also by continually improving global environmental management systems. Sony formulates the following goals in four key environmental aspects and takes proactive actions to achieve those goals.

Climate Change
Sony reduces energy consumption and strives to achieve zero emissions of greenhouse gases* generated throughout the lifecycle of our products, service and business activities.

Resources Conservation
In order to minimize resource inputs for our business activities, Sony identifies "Key Resources" and strives to achieve zero usage of those virgin materials. Sony also uses water efficiently, minimizes wastes from sites and maximizes our effort for take back and recycling products from markets.

 Management of Chemical Substances

Sony minimizes the risk of chemical substances that we use causing serious harm to human health and the environment. Sony maintains strict control over the chemical substances we use, while, in line with the precautionary approach, taking steps whenever possible to reduce, substitute and eliminate the use of substances that have potentially significant impacts on the environment even in the cases where scientific evidence is not fully proven.

Biodiversity Conservation
Sony protects and utilizes ecosystem services in a sustainable manner, while actively promoting maintenance and recovery of biodiversity through our business and local contribution activities.

Green Management 2010

Green Management 2010 encompasses individual targets for the entire business cycle, from the procurement of parts, production and product use through to product disposal and recycling Under Green Management 2010, Sony achieved an absolute reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from sites (calculated in terms of CO2) of more than 30% from the fiscal year 2000 level, well above of its target of a 7% reduction under Green Management 2010.

 Sony succeeded in reducing total waste from sites by more than 50% from the fiscal year 2000 level, exceeding its Green Management 2010 target of 40%. Additionally, Sony achieved an absolute reduction in volume of water purchased or drawn from groundwater of approximately 41%, surpassing its target of 20%. In contrast, Sonys waste reuse/recycle ratio at manufacturing sites outside Japan, at 87%, fell short of its Green Management 2010 target of 95%, despite the fact that the waste reuse/recycle ratio at manufacturing sites in Japan reached 99.6%.

TATA Group
Going green
Tata Power has begun moving away from the business-as-usual scenario of coal-heavy plants to an aggressively renewable portfolio and it has an ambitious plan mapped out till 2030. About 20 per cent of their installed capacity comes, as of now, from non-carbon sources. They expect this to rise to 24 per cent by 2017, 40 per cent by 2025 and 50 per cent by 2030. Diesel is the fuel that the majority of Tata Motors vehicles run on, and the company has consciously tried to make its vehicles less polluting and more fuel efficient. India meets almost 70 per cent of its fossil fuel requirements through imports, so the issue here is not just emissions but also energy usage.

 Apart from the diesel and other conventional-fuel vehicles it produces, Tata Motors is experimenting with alternative technologies that use biodiesel, combination fuels, etc. Also, it is developing CNG- hybrid buses. Since 2 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to the information technology industry, TCS is now in the business of crafting and delivering green offerings for its clients on the outside. It has a business unit that advises customers on setting up green infrastructure and operations. Tata Chemicals approach on climate change focuses on energy reduction. the company is concentrating attention on achieving a 20 per cent reduction in the carbon intensity of its products by 2020.

Nokia
Nokia's environment initiatives are based on life-cycle thinking and aims at focusing on all facets of operations, devices and services to reduce their overall impact on the environment.

Nokia has rolled out its Take-back and recycling initiative in India on January 01, 2009. Customers can drop their old and used Nokia phones, chargers and accessories, irrespective of the brand and Nokia takes care of the rest. Within the first 45 days of the launch, Nokia has been able to collect 3 tonnes of eWaste including 10,000 handsets and the same has been sent to authorized recyclers for recycling.
Further to the initiative, Nokia has recently initiated the planting of saplings for every old phone recycled. Nokia's R&D has a number of innovative 'Green' concepts in the pipeline like Remade, Nokia Eco Sensor and Morph.

 Employees at Infosys global Development Centers made a commitment to ban polybags and reduce their consumption of nonbio-degradable plastic. Green IT : It's believed that IT can be a catalyst in protecting the environment. Infosys Sustainability Solution helps companies deploy a sustainability reporting framework to analyze data related to the environment.

In addition, the Logistics Optimization solution enables companies to reduce their carbon footprint through their logistics operations.

 As environmentally responsible citizens, Infosys sets its milestones every year. In 2008-09, it achieved a 10% reduction in per capita electricity consumption. Currently, it is among the largest solar water users in India.
Infosys has more than 1,500,000 sq. ft. green buildings under construction. All new campuses in India are designed as per the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) gold standard. The global employees collaborate on virtual platforms to minimize business travel and reduce carbon footprint. Everyday, more than 80% employees use mass transport to commute to work. The company developed INSTANT, in collaboration with Stanford University, to encourage commuting to work during off peak hours and reduce congestion on the road.

 The e-waste generated at Accenture facilities is given to authorized recyclers to ensure environment friendly disposal of the e-waste. To ensure that old PCs are utilized in an optimal manner, they are donated to non-profit organizations.

Accenture has implemented tele-presence in facilities in Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Noida to hold meetings without traveling, thus ensuring minimum environmental impact.
As part of the world environment initiative, Accenture is rolling out the 'Eco Challenge' to inspire employees to understand and reduce their carbon footprint.

Reliance Group
To be in harmony with nature, RIL continues its efforts such as mangrove plantation and maintenance in the coastal areas with the help of international agencies, tree plantation, maintenance of green belts and gardens in and around our manufacturing units, vermi-compost of waste and its use as manure, recycling of treated water in cooling water system and in horticulture activities, etc.

Further, RIL is partnering with the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India and Gujarat Ecological Commission to set up the National Centre for Marine Biodiversity (NCMB), India's first Centre of Excellence for the study of India's coastal biodiversity, at Jamnagar. This is the first such initiative in India where the Government and a private sector stakeholder will be partnering to safeguard the biodiversity of coastal areas.
RIL has undertaken a new initiative for conversion of organic waste to vermi compost. This includes processing of food and paper wastes from its operations at Gadimoga.

 They have always been conscious of the need to maintain harmony with the environment. They continuously seek newer environment-friendly approaches in all our operations energy conservation, exploring alternative sources like wind and solar energy, waste water reduction, etc. The Zero Discharge approach of the Powai Campus saves over 350,000 litres water everyday through water treatment and recycling. More than 13,500 trees have been planted in different L&T campuses in the last year, and an additional 4,000 saplings were distributed among local communities.

 Aim to be the beverage industry leader in energy efficiency and climate protection.

Reduce
Their goal is to grow business but not system wide carbon emissions from their manufacturing operations. They are working toward reducing their absolute emissions from the manufacturing operations in (developed) countries by 5 percent by 2015.

 Refrigeration
Their system owns more than 10 million coolers and vending machines. For that reason, sustainable refrigeration is the cornerstone of our climate protection efforts.

Refuel
They believe that as a responsible multinational company, they have a role to play in ensuring that they use the best possible mix of energy sources.