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EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME

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STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME

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Eukaryotic chromosome consist of : single, linear double-stranded DNA molecule Proteins It is located in the nucleus of eukaryote and carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information It is a compact4/5/12 of DNA that readily fit inside the form

DNA molecules are generally huge :

Example

The 23 chromosomes of the 3 billion-base pair human genome when stretch end to end can have a length of up to 1m
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Most eukaryotes condense and package their genome in several chromosomes Each chromosome is a complex of a single linear DNA and proteins referred to as the chromatin
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Chromatin The unit of analysis of the chromosome Chromatin reflects the general structure of the chromosome but is not unique to any particular chromosome In general, chromosome is the condense form of chromatin

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There are 2 type of protein : Histone protein

H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4

Non-histone chromosomal (NHC) protein

Scaffold or structural NHC protein.

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Functional NHC protein e.g., DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase.

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Regulatory NHC protein e.g., HMG (controls gene 4/5/12 expression).

Histone - lysine and arginine rich basic proteins two copies of each of this histone protein H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 form histone octamer (core of nucleosome) H1 histone protein attach to linker DNA (DNA present between two adjacent nucleosome) NHC protein additional set of protein that help packaging at the higher level.
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Organization of eukaryotic DNA

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Double helix DNA is wrapped around the histone octamer to form nucleosome Each core of nucleosome with two turn of DNA The positively charged histone protein's ends are directed outside. They attract negatively charged strands of DNA About 200 bp of DNA is wrapped over the histone octamer
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The continuous string of nucleosome represents beads on a string form of chromatin The nucleosome is further coiled with 6 nucleosomes in every turns to form solenoid The beads-on-string structure in chromatin is packaged to form chromatin fibres It is further organized into loops by anchoring the fiber at A/T rich regions namely scafloldassociated regions(SARS) to a protein scafold.
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Function of packaging DNA into chromosome Chromosome is the compact form of DNA that readily fit inside the nucleus To protect DNA from damage. the naked DNA is unstable, however the chromosomal DNA is extremely stable Only package DNA can be transmit

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In a typical nucleus, some region of chromatin are loosely packed (and stains light) and are referred to as euchromatin The chromatin that is more densely packed and stains dark is called as heterochromatin Specifically euchromatin is said to be transcriptionally active and heterochromatin is transcriptionally inactive

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chromosomes must contain three functional elements : (1) origins for initiation of DNA replication (2) the centromere (3) the two ends, or telomeres.

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Centromere required for the segregation of the centromere during meiosis and mitosis, the centromere that is shared by the sister chromatids must divide so that the chromatids can migrate to opposite poles of the cell Telomeres the region of DNA at the end of the linear eukaryotic chromosome that are required for the replication and stability of the chromosome if two chromosomes were broken in a cell, the end of one could attach to the other and vice versa
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Function of chromosomes Chromosome is the essential unit for cellular division and must be replicate, divided and passed successfully to their daughter cell.

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